Colonial Germany

There is a substantial body of literature on the nature of the German colonial ambitions and their manifestations in the individual colonies. Much of the reflective literature on German colonialism was published from the 1970s onwards and is outside the scope of this bibliography.

     Included here are sources dating from the turn of the 20th century extolling the value of the colonies for Germany [cf. 36, 45]. There is a large body of overviews of the German colonial empire, written for the general public [cf 40, 41, 46, 51, 59] as well as for schools [cf 57]. German Micronesia and the Marianas in particular, usually feature only marginally, with most of the emphasis placed on the possessions in Africa. The outbreak of World War I and the loss of the colonies was widely chronicled [cf 116, 119, 122]. Obituaries of key colonial staff are also included [cf 106, 107, 109, 147].

     The literature of the 1930s discusses the loss of the colonies during World War I [cf 49, 50, 135] and the need to regain the colonies mainly because of their economic importance [cf 55, 132, 133, 139, 143, 152]. Other authors commented on the inadvisability of regaining colonies [33, 35] and the German South Seas colonies in particular. Some of these date from as early as 1915 [137].

     There is a body of publications promoting emigration into the colonies, particularly statistics on actual immigration inquiries [cf 77, 84, 105], but also works discussing the opportunities for settlers and trades people [32, 43].

     There are only a few sources that detail the actual life of administrators and settlers in the German Pacific colonies, and none for the Marianas. Included here are reminiscences of administrators and priests [cf 70, 72]. German women were in short supply in most of the Pacific colonies [71]. So, not surprisingly, there are only few accounts of their lives and tribulations. There are accounts from the Marshall Islands [62, 64], and New Guinea [75], as well as examples of cook books written by women in Micronesia for colonial women [63, 65, 67].

 

Colonial Germany

30   

Anon. 1910. "Max Prager ." [Max Prager (Obituary)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 4, p. 60.

Died 2 January 1910, had been assistant of the Deutsche Seewarte (German Hydrographic Office) and other of relevant publications.


31   

Buchhorn, Josef. 1910. "Die deutschen Kolonien." [The German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 49, pp. 815-816.

Book review.


32   

Deeken, Richard. 1908. Die Auswanderung nach den deutschen Kolonien unter Berücksichtigung der wirtschaftlichen und klimatischen Verhältnisse. [The emigration to the German colonies with respect to the economic and climatic conditions]. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott.

Discussion of the economic potential of the colonies. The South Sea colonies are described as climatically and economically extremely suitable (in particular Samoa where the author has personal experiences). A costing for the establishment of a plantation is included, as well as passage costs to the various colonies.
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33   

Fritz, Georg. 1925. Romantische und nüchterne Kolonialpolitik. [Romanticised and realistic politics for the Colonies]. Berlin: Alldeutscher Verband.

In this treatise Fritz reviews the history of various approaches to colonial policy. He discusses the rationale for having colonies and argues that only African colonies would be suitable for German settlement. In view of the naval situation, the maintenance of African colonies would require either the development of a substantial fleet capable of opposing England, or a treaty with England which would provide security for the German colonies in the absence of a German navy. Fritz comments on Eastern Europe as a colonial area for the German People, drawing on historic precedents. Comments on the relative position of the 'Slavic race' are included. [Included here because of Fritz' prior involvement in the Marianas].
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34   

Fritz, Georg. 1926. Romantische und nüchterne Kolonialpolitik. [Romanticised and realistic politics for the Colonies]. 2nd ed. Berlin: Alldeutscher Verband.

Reprint of the previous item.


35   

Fritz, Georg. 1934. Kolonien? Das koloniale Schicksal der deutschen Volkes-geschichtlich als Lehre-politisch als Aufgabe. [Colonies? The colonial fate of the German people-historically a lesson-politically a mandate]. Berlin: Zentral-Verlag.

Review of Germany's involvement in colonies. Reviews the Germanic history of colonisation since the beginning of time, with detailed discussion of the colonisation of the east. The overseas colonialism is criticised, arguing that Germans are primarily an agrarian people. Argues that there is little room for a new push for colonies, as this would be detrimental to the development of the German nation. Any colonisation and expansion should occur in eastern Europe. Heavily steeped in Nazi ideology. [Included here because of Fritz' prior involvement in the Marianas].
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36   

Gayl, Freiherr von. 1913. "Ein Vierteljahrhundert deutscher Kolonialgeschichte." [A quarter century of German colonial history]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 24, pp. 395-398.

Historical retrospective on 25 years of German colonial policy, commenting on the peaceful acquisition of the colonial possessions (ie not through war from other European powers). The paper stresses the economic orientation of the colonial movement and the value of the colonies for the German economy. The increasing settlement of Germans in the colonies as well as the role of the German schools in shaping the future of the colonies is stressed.
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37   

Helfferich, D. 1907. "Am Scheidewege der Weltpolitik." [At the crossroads of world politics]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, no. 1, pp. 35-40.

Discussion paper providing a justification for the maintenance of colonies by outlining the economic value of the colonies for Germany and the need to maintain an active colonial policy. Written in response to a growing crisis in German political circles on whether colonies should be maintained.
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38   

Hoffmann, Edler von. 1909. "Kolonial- und überseepolitik, Heer und Flotte." [Colonial and overseas policy, army and navy]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 44, pp. 727-728.

A discussion on the role of the German army and navy in the protection of the German colonies against enemies both outside and within. Discusses the financial implications of maintaining a fleet and the political implications of not having one.


39   

Karstedt-Steglitz, Dr. 1914. "Der Krieg und die deutschen Kolonien." [The war and German Colonies, compiled on request of the German Colonial Society]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 33, pp. 555-570.

Review of the first three months of World War I with respect to the outcomes in the German colonies. Provides a brief overview on the Australian capture of German New Guinea (and the limited state of information, most of which was gleaned from British and Japanese sources). The account of the New Guinea campaign extols German efforts, which are incorrectly assessed. The capture of Nauru through British/Australian forces is mentioned. It is assumed that Palau is also occupied by British forces, whereas information on the nature of the occupation of Yap is reported as conflicting. Japan occupied all other islands of Micronesia by October 1914. Reputedly Japan had sent a Governor and 80 staff to the Marianas. 500 Japanese settlers were also on the way. The item also quotes a claim made in a German newspaper that the Sokeh's rebellion on Pohnpei was facilitated by illegal weapon sales by Japanese traders.
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40   

Krüger, Karl A. 1906. Die deutschen Kolonien. Erdkundliche Umrisse und Characterbilder von unseren überseeischen Schutzgebieten. [The German colonies. Geographical outlines and character sketches of our overseas protectorates]. Danzig: A. W. Kasemann.

Brief physical and economic geography of the Marianas.
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41   

Leutz, Heinrich. 1900. Die Kolonien Deutschlands, ihre Erwerbung, Bevölkerung, Bodenbeschaffenheit und Erzeugnisse. [The German colonies, their acquisition, population, geology and products]. Karlsruhe: Karl Scherer.

Extremely cursory treatment of the Marianas, indicative of the low profile the German Micronesian colonies enjoyed compared to the colonies in Africa.
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42   

Liebert, E. von. 1906. Die deutschen Kolonien und ihre Zukunft. [The German colonies and their future]. Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung.

Very cursory mention of the German Micronesian colonies, because they were deemed to provide little room for economic development. The treatment is reflective of much of the public debate after the euphoria of acquisition had died down.
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43   

Lignitz, von. 1908. Produktion, Handel und Besiedelungsfähigkeit der Deutschen Kolonien. Ein Hand- und Nachschlagebuch. [Production, Commerce and Suitability for Settlement of the German Colonies. A Handbook and Encyclopedia]. Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung.

Brief overview of the economy of the Marianas, with trade statistics and comments on the nature of trade.
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44   

Lion, Dr. 1908. "Imperialismus und Kolonialpartikularismus." [Imperialism and colonial particularism]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 9, pp. 105-106.

Item on the treatment of Indians in British South Africa. Implications on neighbouring colonies are mentioned.
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45   

Mackay, Freiherr von. 1912. "Kolonialpolitik und Weltmachtsfragen." [Colonial policy and world power issues]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 21, pp. 345-347.

Paper on the need to maintain colonies for the national economy and Germany's right to own and expand its colonies.


46   

Meyer, Hans. 1910. Das Deutsche Kolonialreich. Eine Länderkunde der deutschen Schutzgebiete. [The German colonial empire. A geography of the German protectorates]. Leipzig & Wien: Bibliographisches Institut.

General discussion of the German protectorates, covering aspects of physical geography, demography, climate, flora and fauna. The key islands are all described in brief detail.


47   

Quessel, Ludwig. 1916. "Ideale deutscher Kolonialpolitik." [The ideal German colonial policy]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 33, no. 4, pp. 56-59.

Written at a time when almost all German colonies had been lost, the paper justifies the German colonial expansion and the educative role played by Germany as a colonial power.
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48   

Radlauer, Ernst. 1910. Finanzielle Selbstverwaltung und Kommunalverwaltung der Schutzgebiete auf rechtsvergleichender Grundlage dargestellt. [Financial self determination and communal administration of the protectorates, discussed on the basis of legal comparisons]. Breslau: M. &H. Marcus.

Treatise discussing the legal parameters governing the local administration of the protectorates and the provisions to make financially autonomous decisions.
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49   

Reichskolonialbund. 1936. Das Buch der deutschen Kolonien. [The book of the German colonies]. Berlin: Reimar Hobbing.

Nationalistic book on Germany's achievements in the former colonies. Very superficial treatment of the history of Micronesia.
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50   

Ritter, Paul. [no date]. Unvergessenes deutsches Land. [Not forgotten German land]. Berlin: Zeitgeschichte Verlagsgesellschaft.

Cursory item on the lost German colonies.
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51   

Sander, L. [1906]. Die deutschen Kolonien in Wort und Bild. [The German colonies in text and pictures]. Leipzig: Verlag für Allgemeines Wissen.

Description of the Marianas, heavily extracted from Costenoble's 'Von den Marianen' (no. 799), with shorter extracts from Hans Seidel, and Franz Lenz.
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52   

Schnee, Heinrich. 1908. "Unsere Kolonien." [Our colonies]. Wissenschaft und Bildung. Einzeldarstellungen aus allen Gebieten des Wissens 57. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer.

A book on the German Colonies, contains a section on the island territory of the Carolines, Palau, Mariana and Marshall Islands. Provides a geographic background to each of the major island groups, briefly touches on the threats derived from typhoons and mentions the phosphate production on Nauru and Angaur. A summary of the population trends (declining) and the influences of the missionaries is given including the trade statistics.
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53   

Schnee, Heinrich. 1926. German Colonisation, past and future: the truth about the German colonies. London: Allen & Unwin.

.


54   

Schnee, Heinrich. 1926. German Colonisation, past and future: the truth about the German colonies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

.


55   

Schnee, Heinrich. 1935. Die deutschen Kolonien vor, in und nach dem Weltkrieg. [The German colonies before, during and after the World War]. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer.

Review of the German colonial empire by one of its administrators. Written at a time of nationalistic reawakening of the colonial dream.


56   

Warnack, Dr. 1914. "30 Jahre deutscher Kolonialpolitik, zum 24. April 1914." [Thirty years of German colonial policy, on occasion of 24 April 1914]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 17, pp. 277-278.

Overview article celebrating thirty years of colonial achievement (on the occasion of the anniversary of Bismarck's order to notify the British consul in Cape Town that part of Southwest Africa was now a German protectorate). Much of the paper provides generalised statistics and focuses on the developments in Africa.


57   

Wende, Gustav. 1900. Deutschlands Kolonien für Schule und Volk bearbeitet. [Germany's colonies treated for schools and people]. Hannover & Berlin: Carl Meyer.

General text on the German colonies. The section on the Marianas draws mainly on Kirchhoff 1886. The author opines that the Spanish colonisation has resulted in the fact that 'the island group is occupied by lazeabaouts and is without any economic importance'.


58   

Woltmann, Dr. 1897. "Die Ziele und Erfolge der deutschen Kolonialpolitik und Bestrebungen der deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft." [The aims and success of German colonial politics and the efforts of the German colonial company]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 14, Beilage zur Nummer XV, pp. 61-64.

Review of the German colonial empire to date, mainly focussing on the African colonies, with minor reference to the Pacific possessions. A good overview of the perception of German colonial futures prior to the acquisition of the Marianas and Carolines.


59   

Zimmermann, Emil. 1912. Unsere Kolonien. [Our colonies]. Berlin: Ullstein & Co.

General overview of the nature and state of the German colonies with a brief section on German Micronesia.
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German Colonial Life

60   

Anon. 1904. "Die in den deutschen Kolonien erscheinenden Zeitungen nebst Angabe der Bezugsbedingungen und Anzeigenpreise." [The newspapers published in the German colonies with the conditions for subscription and prices for placing advertisements]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, p. 176.

Brief description of six German-language newspapers published in German Southwest Africa, German East Africa, Qingdao and Samoa.
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61   

Anon. 1912. "Zeitungsbezug in den Kolonien." [Newspaper subscriptions in the colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, p. 916.

Brief item mentioning that changes to the postal regulations now allows indviduals to order annual subscriptions at the post offices (instead of quarterly as had been the case so far).
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62   

Brandeis, Antonie. 1898. "Von den Marshall Inseln." [On the Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 248-249.

Narrative by the wife of the German administrator of the Marshall Islands, describing her life on Jaluit.


63   

Brandeis, Antonie. 1907. Kochbuch für die Tropen. Nach langjährigen Erfahrungen in den Tropen und Subtropen zusammengestellt. [Cookbook for the Tropics. Compiled based on extensive experience in the tropics and subtropics]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen).

A cook book for an expatriate colonial audience written by Antonie Brandeis, the wife of Eugen Brandeis, German Landeshauptmann of the Marshall Islands. The introduction discusses the tribulations of running a European-style kitchen in the tropics and being able to host dinner parties. Hints on how to manage kitchen hands and other personnel are also included. A chapter deals with the setting up of a workable and 'sensible kitchen' with a number of tips and hints at overcoming insect infestations, ants and the like. A list of bare essentials as kitchen utensils is given for those young wives who set out on a short posting with their husbands. Another chapter discusses the set up of a food store room and pantry.


64   

Brandeis, Antonie. 1908. "Südsee-Erinnerungen." [South Sea Reminiscences]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 2, pp. 20-22.

Article by the wife of the German administrator of the Marshall Islands, describing the establishment of her household on Jaluit. Comments on the Samoan chief Mataafa, then in exile in the Marshalls and his return to Samoa. Contains photographs of Jabor, women weaving Pandanus thatch for a house, the European police station, and a tattooed woman.


65   

Brandeis, Antonie. 1913. Kochbuch für die Tropen. Nach langjähriger Erfahrung in den Tropen und Subtropen zusammengestellt. Zweite durch über 200 Rezepte vermehrte Auflage. [Cookbook for the Tropics. Compiled based on extensive experience in the tropics and subtropics. Second revised edition with an additional 200 recipes]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen).

A cook book for an expatriate colonial audience written by Antonie Brandeis, the wife of the German Landeshauptmann Eugen Brandeis.


66   

Brandeis, Antonie. 1925. "Südseebilder." [South Sea Impressions]. In: Zache, Hans (ed.), Das deutsche Kolonialbuch. Berlin-Schmargendorf & Leipzig: Wilhelm Andermann Verlag. Pp. 486-490.

Reprint of sections of her 1908 articles in the Deutsche Kolonialzeitung for a volume commemorating the former colonial empire.


67   

Brandeis, Antonie. 1930. Kochbuch für die Tropen. Nach langjähriger Erfahrung in den Tropen und Subtropen zusammengestellt. Dritte durch 99 Rezepte vermehrte Auflage. [Cookbook for the Tropics. Compiled based on extensive experience in the tropics and subtropics. Third revised edition with an additional 99 recipes]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen).

A cook book for an expatriate colonial audience written by Antonie Brandeis, the wife of the German Landeshauptmann Eugen Brandeis.


68   

Brandeis, Antonie. 1939. Kochbuch für die Tropen. Nach langjähriger Erfahrung in den Tropen und Subtropen zusammengestellt. Vierte durch 42 Rezepte vermehrte Auflage. [Cookbook for the Tropics. Compiled based on extensive experience in the tropics and subtropics. Fourth revised edition with an additional 42 recipes]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer/ Andrews & Steiner.

A cook book for an expatriate colonial audience written by Antonie Brandeis, the wife of the German Landeshauptmann Eugen Brandeis.


69   

Deeken, Richard. 1902. Rauschende Palmen. Bunte Erzählungen und Novellen aus der Südsee. [Rustling palms, colourful tales and novels from the South Seas]. Berlin/ Oldenburg/Leipzig: Gerhard Stalling.

Travelogue of a voyage through the German South Pacific. His Jaluit narrative reprints part of Chamisso's account of Wotje by way of introduction. Describes a walk through Jabor, Jaluit with emphasis on language and buildings.


70   

Irmer, Georg. 1895. "über eine Weihnachtsfeier auf den Marshall-Inseln." [On Christmas celebrations in the Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, pp. 226-227.

Narrative of Christmas 1894 as een through the eyes of the German administrator of the Marshall Islands. Provides a nice vignette of colonial life.


71   

Külz, L. 1913. "Zur Frauenfrage in den deutschen Kolonien." [The question of women in the German colonies]. Kolonial Monatsblätter. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 15, pp. 61-67.

An assessment of the status of women in the colonies, with statistics of the percentage of women in all colonies. Argues that colonialisation will rely on women to support men in the domestic sphere and that more women need to emigrate if mixed marriages are to be avoided.
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72   

Olkiewicz, Erich. 12. "Kaisersgeburtstag in einer deutschen Kolonie der Südsee." [Emperors' birthday in a German colony in the South Seas]. Süsserott's Illustrierter Kolonial-Kalender 1912. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Pp. 74-79.

Narrative of the events surrounding the Emperor's birthday celebrations on 27 January 1909 on Koror, Palau. The festivities comprised of a military parade of the police troops, presentations by the pupils of the Catholic school including several songs in German language, a canoe regatta, and a banquet, accompanied by Palauan dances. (Item included as an example of formal festivities).
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73   

Rikisch, Emil. 1901. "Zeitungsverkehr mit den deutschen Kolonien." [Newspaper traffic with the German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, no. 48, p. 479.

Item on the extension of the domestic postage rates for newspaper sent to the colonies and the potential this represents for the colonial officers and public.
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74   

Sembritzki, Kurt. 1925. Deutsche Kolonialklänge und Grenzmarkengesänge. [German colonial tunes and songs of the border areas]. Berlin: Kolonial-Verlag Sachers & Kuschel.

Some lyrics for tunes set in Samoa are the sole contribution for the South Seas in this compilation of colonial tunes and lyrics.
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75   

Wenzel, Getrud. 1939. "Ein Tag der deutschen Frau in der Südsee." [A day [in the life of] of a German woman in the South Seas]. In: Reichskolonialbund (ed.), Deutsche Jugend-Deutsche Kolonien. Was unsere Jugend wissen muss über deutsche Arbeit in unseren Kolonien. 91. bis 140. Tausend ed. Aachen: Buch-und Zeitschriftenverlag Gustav Rehnisch. Pp. 117-120.

Generalised narrative on the living conditions in the German Pacific (example from New Guinea) and role German women played in the colonisation process.

 

Emigration to the Colonies

76   

Anon. 1904. "Die Tätigkeit der Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer im 1. Quartal 1904." [The activities of the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants in the first quarter of 1904]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 16, p. 157.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the first quarter 1904: 912 inquiries,which is an increase over the previous quarter.
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77   

Anon. 1904. "Geschäftsbericht der Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Annual report of the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 2, pp. 9-11.

Annual report for the period 1 October 1902 to 20 September 1903. The paper summarises the work of the bureau and mentions that many inquiries were driven by dreams of a tropical paradise, fantastic ideas of development opportunities and places with easy riches to be had. The bureau saw its role as providing accurate information about the economic prospects in the colonies, even if that discouraged many settlers.
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78   

Anon. 1904. "Die Tätigkeit der Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer im 2. Quartal 1904." [The activities of the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants in the second quarter of 1904]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 29, p. 283.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the second quarter 1904: 739 inquiries.
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79   

Anon. 1905. "Statistik der von der Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer (Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft) vom 1. Oktober 1903 bis 30. September 1904 erteilten Auskünfte." [Statistics of advice given by the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants for the period 1 October 1903 to 30 September 1904]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, no. 3, p. 26.

In total 3308 inquiries for the whole year, 2348 for German colonies, for Samoa 77, for Marianas 46, for German New Guinea 17, for Carolines 6. [The high number of inquiries for the Marianas reflects the interest generated by the Costenoble articles (no. 799, Ed].
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80   

Anon. 1908. "Die Tätigkeit der Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [The activities of the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 29, p. 518.

Annual report for the first quarter 1908, total inquiries 2882, for Samoa 121, for New Guinea 75, for Carolines etc 66.


81   

Anon. 1908. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 29, p. 518.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the second quarter 1908, total inquiries 4023, for Samoa 81, for German New Guinea 47, for Carolines etc 40.
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82   

Anon. 1908. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 41, p. 728.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period third quarter 1908, total 3702, for Samoa 67, for German New Guinea 42, for Carolines etc 30.
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83   

Anon. 1909. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 30, p. 502.

Statistical summary of the inquiries made by Germans residents in Germany on opportunities for emigration to the German colonies: for the second quarter 1909: total inquiries 5430, for Samoa 69, for German New Guinea 50, for Carolines etc 23.
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84   

Anon. 1909. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 42, pp. 695-696.

Third quarter 1909, 4223 inquiries in total, for Samoa 59, for German New Guinea 59, for Carolines etc 10.
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85   

Anon. 1910. "Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 4, pp. 58-59.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period forth quarter 1909, total inquiries 4455, for Samoa 69, for New Guinea 51, for Carolines and Micronesia 39.
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86   

Anon. 1910. "Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 28, p. 473.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period first quarter 1910, total inquiries 4039, for Samoa 54, for German New Guinea 29, for Carolines etc 13.


87   

Anon. 1911. "Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, p. 269.

Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for the first quarter 1911. Total inquiries 7698, for Samoa 83, for German New Guinea 57, for Carolines etc 24.
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88   

Anon. 1911. "Die Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer in Berlin W. 35." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants in Berlin W35]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 42, p. 705.

Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for third quarter of 1911. Total inquiries 4277, for Samoa 54, for German New Guinea 27, for Carolines etc 8.
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89   

Anon. 1912. "Von der Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [From the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 35, pp. 604-606.

Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies. The article contains figures for total inquiries since the commencement of the office.
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90   

Anon. 1912. "Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 16, p. 261.

Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for first quarter of 1912, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.
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91   

Anon. 1912. "Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 16, p. 506.

Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for second quarter of 1912, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.
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92   

Anon. 1912. "Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 16, p. 714.

Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for third quarter of 1912, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.
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93   

Anon. 1912. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 4, p. 180.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 October to 1 December 1911. Of a total of 6464 inquiries, 6 were for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, 50 for New Guinea, 68 for Samoa and none for the Marshalls.
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94   

Anon. 1912. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 15, pp. 733-734.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 April to 30 June 1912. Of 6580 inquiries, 93 were for Samoa, 67 for German New Guinea and 9 for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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95   

Anon. 1912. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 9, p. 418.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 January to 31 March 1912. Of 7850 inquiries, 116 were for Samoa, 56 for German New Guinea and 15 for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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96   

Anon. 1912. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 21, p. 1060.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 July to 30 September 1912. Of 6679 inquiries, 70 were for Samoa, 42 for German New Guinea and 14 for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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97   

Anon. 1913. "Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 29, pp. 485-486.

Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for second quarter of 1913, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.
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98   

Anon. 1913. "Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 37, p. 611.

Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for the year 1912/1913, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.
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99   

Anon. 1913. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 3, p. 122.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 October to 31 December 1912. Of 8173 inquiries, 89 were for Samoa, 71 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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100   

Anon. 1913. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 9, p. 418.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 January to 31 March 1913. Of 9869 inquiries, 132 were for Samoa, 66 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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101   

Anon. 1913. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 14, p. 643.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 April to 30 June 1913. Of 8305 inquiries, 84 were for Samoa, 54 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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102   

Anon. 1913. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 14, p. 917.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 July to 30 September 1913. Of 9321 inquiries, 76 were for Samoa, 46 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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103   

Anon. 1914. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 2, p. 73.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 October to 31 December 1913. Of 8762 inquiries, 84 were for Samoa, 63 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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104   

Anon. 1914. "Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer." [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 9, p. 421.

Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 January to 31 March 1914. Of 9649 inquiries, 124 were for Samoa, 100 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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105   

Flemke, Hugo. 1937. "Auswandererberatung über die deutschen Kolonien." [Advice to emigrants about the German colonies]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 9, no. 1/2, pp. 57-58.

The paper provides overall statistics on the inquiries made by prospective emigrants about conditions in the former German colonies between 1919/20 and 1935/36. The data show that the former colonies in Africa were more popular with the public.
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Germany in the Pacific

106   

Anon. 1907. "Vize Gouverneur Berg ." [Vice-Governor Berg ]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, no. 27, p. 275.

Brief Obituary for Victor Berg, Berzirksamtmann (district administrator) of Pohnpei and Vice-Governour of the Islands Territory.
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107   

Anon. 1909. "Regierungsrat Arno Senfft ." [Administrator Arno Senfft ]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 8, p. 134.

Brief obituary. Senfft is praised as one of the best administrators, being able to keep peace with the indigenous population.
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108   

Anon. 1911. "Regierungsrat Boeder ." [Administrator Boeder ]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 3, p. 42.

Brief obituary of Gustav Boeder, killed at the beginning of the Sokeh's rebellion in Pohnpei.
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109   

Anon. 1912. "Gouverneur a. D. von Bennigsen ." [former Governor von Bennigsen ]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 19, p. 309.

Obituary for the first Governor of New Guinea (1899-1902).
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110   

Anon. 1912. "Gouverneur a. D. von Bennigsen ." [former Governor von Bennigsen ]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 13, p. 308.

Obituary for the first Governor of New Guinea (1899-1902).
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111   

Anon. 1914. "Die deutsche Südsee als Reiseziel." [The German South Seas as a travel destination]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, pp. 148-149.

Item describing the German South Seas colonies as a destination for tourists. One of the few German language examples on the topic.


112   

Anon. 1914. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Die Ereignisse der ersten drei Monate." [The war in the German Protectorates. The events of the first three months]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 23, pp. 848-865.

Upon news of the outbreak of war, the station chief on Nauru sent news to Pohnpei and Jaluit by steamer. On 12 August the British ships Minotaur and Hampshire appeared off Yap, cut the cable and destroyed the radio communications station. The station on Nauru was destroyed later. The Japanese landed on Jaluit on 3 October. The American press, referring to Japanese newspaper reports, mentioned that on 9 September the Kenkon Maru was sent to Jaluit with a number of Japanese settlers..-Reports from the Marianas (based on second hand information from Japan) indicated that by December 1914 some 80 Japanese officials and some 2000 settlers had been moved to Saipan and Palau (for Marianas see p. 864).
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113   

Anon. 1914. "Der Krieg in übersee. Zeittafel der Kämpfe unserer Marine und der Schutztruppe. I. 1. August bis 15. Oktober." [The war overseas. Chronology of the fights of our navy and protectorate forces. I. 1 August to 15 October]. Koloniale Rundschau 3, no. 8-10, pp. 532-537.

Chronology of military action in the German colonies during World War I. The developments in Micronesia are mentioned.
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114   

Anon. 1914. "Der Krieg in übersee. Zeittafel der Kämpfe unserer Marine und der Schutztruppe. II. 14. Oktober bis 15. November." [The war overseas. Chronology of the fights of our navy and protectorate forces. II. 14 October to 15 November]. Koloniale Rundschau 3, no. 11-12, pp. 643-649.

Chronology of military action in the German colonies during World War I. The developments in Micronesia are not mentioned.
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115   

Anon. 1915. "Deutsch-Neuguinea. Rückkehr von deutschen Beamten mit Angehörigen aus Neuguinea." [German New Guinea. Return of colonial officers and their dependents from New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, p. 201.

Listing of former German administrators of New Guinea who had returned to Germany under the conditions of surrender.
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116   

Anon. 1915. "Deutsch-Neuguinea. Rückkehr von deutschen Beamten mit Angehörigen aus Neuguinea." [German New Guinea. Return of colonial officers and their dependents from New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, pp. 252-253.

Listing of former German administrators of New Guinea who had returned to Germany.
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117   

Anon. 1915. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet." [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, p. 130-152.

Detailed account of the Australian occupation of German New Guinea as well as accounts of the status of the other German possessions in the Pacific. Gives a detailed breakdown of the fate of the German residents on the islands, most of whom were removed by the Japanese.
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118   

Anon. 1915. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet." [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, no. 1, pp. 250-251.

Gives a detailed breakdown of the developments on the islands, based on information gleaned from the Japanese press as well as letters from the few Germans remaining. Some accounts of the occupation of Palau as well as Saipan are included, based on eye-witness accounts by returned civilians. On 14 October 1914 the Japanese cruiser Canton appeared off Saipan and landed 10 boats with about 350 marines. The Japanese seemed to be very well informed about the hydrographic conditions off Saipan. The German acting administrator Böhme went out to the cruiser while the government physician Dr. Salecker restrained the Chamorro police troops from resisting the occupation. The occupation seems to have gone without too many problems, apart from a few thefts of chicken etc, and 'unpleasantness' by the Japanese trader Tanabe who had been appointed Deputy Governor.
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119   

Anon. 1915. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet." [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, no. 1, pp. 338-339.

Update on the conditions in the former German colonies in the Pacific, with emphasis on New Guinea. There was nothing new to report on the developments in the Japanese occupied Islands Territory.
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120   

Anon. 1915. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet." [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, no. 1, pp. 417-418.

Update on the conditions in the former German colonies in the Pacific, with emphasis on New Guinea. There was nothing new to report on the developments in the Japanese occupied Islands Territory with the exception of a reputed trip of island leaders to Japan.
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121   

Anon. 1915. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet." [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, no. 2, pp. 37-38.

Limited news of the Islands Territory are reproduced. The only Germans left are missionaries. The islands are reputedly cut off from external trade and on some islands food shortages have occurred. Rota and Saipan have been severely damaged by typhoons, with most trees destroyed on Rota. There the food shortages were the most severe. The US administration and the American Red Cross reputedly assisted from Guam.
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122   

Anon. 1915. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Dritte Mitteilung." [The war in the German Protectorates. Third Communication]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, no. 5, pp. 98-159.

An official summative communique on the state of war in the German colonies. Pp. 147-152 deal with the 'Inselgebiet' of Micronesia. The article summarises the destruction of the telecommunications station on Yap by a British naval detachment (HMS Minotaur) and later occupation by the Japanese (IJN Satsuma) on 7 October 1914. Most Europeans were deported on 2 November on the Kamakua Maru to Nagasaki. No details on the Marianas. On Palau the radio station was destroyed by RAN Sydney. A note was sent ashore annexing the area on behalf of the UK (this was ignored by the subsequent Japanese occupation). Following the Japanese occupation in October, the phosphate operations at first continued as normal. On 16 November most of the European civilians were deported. Pohnpei was annexed by the Japanese on 7 October, Chuuk on 12 October. On 18 November several of the German residents of Jaluit were deported by the Japanese while some were permitted to remain on island until further notice..-Mentions that on occasion (Yap, Chuuk and Jaluit) private property was looted by Japanese soldiers.


123   

Anon. 1915. "Der Krieg in übersee. Zeittafel der Kämpfe unserer Marine, der Schutztruppen und des Islam. III. 14. November bis 31. Dezember." [The war overseas. Chronology of the fights of our navy, protectorate forces and the Islam III. 14 November to 3 December]. Koloniale Rundschau 4, no. 1, pp. 47-53.

Chronology of military action in the German colonies during World War I.
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124   

Anon. 1916. "Erste Verlustliste aus dem Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea." [First casualty list from the protectorate of German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 27, no. 1, p. 20.

List of persons who had died while in internment or who were now known to have been interned (in Australia).
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125   

Anon. 1916. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Siebte Mitteilung. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet." [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 27, pp. 51-53.

Update on the conditions in the former German colonies in the Pacific, with emphasis on New Guinea. Includes a list of people recently interned in Australia. Nothing new was reported on the Islands Territory.
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126   

Anon. 1917. "Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Achte Mitteilung. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet." [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 28, no. 5, p. 87-89.

Update on the conditions in the former German colonies in the Pacific, with emphasis on New Guinea. There was nothing new to report on the developments in the Japanese occupied Islands Territory.
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127   

Anon. 1917. "Liste der von Deutsch-Neuguinea nach Australien geschafften und dort internierten Personen." [List of persons deported from German New Guinea to Australia and interned there]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 28, p. 236.

A brief list of internees, giving their names and ages.
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128   

Anon. 1917. "Neustes ergänztes Verzeichnis der internierten Deutschen aus den Südsee-Besetzungen." [Latest, most complete list of German internees from the South Seas possessions]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 28, pp. 35-36.

A listing of German and Austrian colonials interned in New Zealand. Even though most internees came from Samoa, one, the botanist Rudolf, came from German New Guinea.
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129   

Anon. 1918. "Kriegschronik der Schutzgebiete. I. Südsee." [Chronology of the War in the Protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 29, p. 265.

The chronological sequence of the Australian and Japanese occupation of the protectorate of German New Guinea is given.
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130   

Deeken, Richard. 1922. "Die deutschen Kolonien in der Südsee." [The German colonies in the South Seas]. In: Leutwein, Paul (ed.), Dreissig Jahre Deutsche Kolonialpolitik mit weltpolitschen Vergleichen und Ausblicken. Berlin: Gersbach & Sohn. Pp. 207-288.

General overview over all former German possessions in the South Seas, summarising the German economic achievements in the region. The Carolines and Marianas are discussed in terms of a colonial investment with a low, if any, economic return to the German Empire.
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131   

Friederichsen, Ludwig. 1912. "Johann Cesar Godeffroy ." [Johann Cesar Godeffroy ]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 46, p. 775.

Short obituary of the founder of the famous Godeffroy trading company and ethnographic museum.
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132   

Grapow, Admiral von. 1915. "Ein Wort über die Bedeutung unserer Kolonien im Stillen Ozean." [A word on the significance of our colonies in the Pacific]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 32, no. 11, pp. 188-189.

The author takes issue with voices in the popular press, among them Dr. Georg Irmer, former administrator of the Marshall Islands, who in his book 'Völkerdämmerung im Stillen Ozean' (no. 137) argued that Germany should attempt to regain its colonies after the war but withdraw from its South Pacific colonies as there was no strategic sense in regaining the Pacific colonies. Grapow argues that the Pacific colonies are of considerable economic importance and should be regained after the war.
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133   

Haber, E. 1918. "Südseegedanken." [Thoughts on the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 35, no. 8, pp. 120-121.

Paper arguing for the benefit of German South Seas possessions stating that most had been developed by individuals. Their property had to be safe-guarded in any negotiations.


134   

Hahl, Albert. 1918. "Der deutsche Besitz in der Südsee." [The German presence in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 35, no. 12, pp. 178-179.

A brief historical overview on the development of German New Guinea.


135   

Hahl, Albert. 1937. "Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in der Südsee." [Germany's Protectorates in the South Seas]. In: Vahl, Karl Julius (ed.), Das Buch der deutschen Kolonien. Leipzig: Wilhelm Goldmann.

Summary of the history of the German involvement in the Pacific with an emphasis on German New Guinea. Consists of a collation of material drawn from various sources, including information on natural history and geography.
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136   

Heng, Hans. 1937. "Zehn Jahre in unseren ehemaligen Südseekolonien." [Ten years in our former South Seas colonies]. Rheinhessische Volksblätter (Mainz). 1937. P. 19-20.

Newspaper item on Georg Fritz and his period in Micronesia, illustrated with photos from Fritz' collection.
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137   

Irmer, Georg. 1915. Völkerdämmerung im Stillen Ozean. [Twilight of the peoples in the Pacific]. Leipzig: S. Hirzel.

Treatise by the former administrator of the German Marshall Islands, discussing Germany's future role in the Pacific after the loss of its South Seas colonies to Japan, Australia and New Zealand in the early days of the war. The author advocates abandoning any claims on Pacific colonies and concentrating on Africa and Europe.


138   

Jacobi, E. 1902. "Ostasien und die Südsee; ein neuer Schauplatz der Weltgeschichte." [East Asia and the South Seas; a new arena of world history]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 50, pp. 514-516; no. 51, pp. 518-519.

Item on the new realities of geopolitics, with the ascendancy of the East Asian region. Comments on the new Japanese expansion and the realities posed by Japan's decisive victory over China in 1895. Warns of the implications of Japanese studying in Germany and Europe and building of a knowledge and skill base. Sees China as a prize for the taking, with Japan, Russia and France (from Indochina) being the main players and beneficiaries. Argues that Germany should use its South Seas possessions to claim part of the share, but be wary of Japanese expansion into the region.
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139   

Jöhlinger, Otto. 1915. "Was steht auf dem Spiele?" [What is at stake?]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 32, no. 6, pp. 86-88.

Review of the economic value of the German colonies to Germany and the demand that the colonies be returned to Germany after the war and that due compensation be paid for the lost earnings and the destruction and/or mismanagement of infrastructure.
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140   

Laile, Raymund. 1908. "Kaisersgeburtstagsfeier auf Palau." [Celebrations of the Emperor's Birthday on Palau]. Bericht über die Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln. Jahresbericht 1908. Limburg: Limburger Vereinsdruckerei. Pp. 32-35.

Narrative of the festivities on the occasion of the celebrations of Emperor Wilhelm II's birthday on 27 January 1907.


141   

Lang, John D. 1848. Eine deutsche Kolonie im Stillen Ocean. Addresse an die ehrenw[erten] Mitglieder des deutschen Parlamentes in Frankfurt. [A German colony in the Pacific Ocean. Address to the honourable members of the German parliament in Frankfurt]. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz.

Treatise by the Australian John D Lang on the desirability of establishing a German colony in the Pacific Ocean, proposing New Caledonia as the ideal venue. Example of an early work on German colonial enterprise. The author draws on his Australian experiences in his suggestion for administrative structure and the like.
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142   

Levy, Berthold. 1905. "Die deutschen Südsee-Kolonien." [The German South Seas Colonies]. Deutsche Japan-Post 4, no. 1, pp. 9-15.

General description of German Micronesia, based on a trip aboard the Oceana and sailing vessels made between July and October 1903. The voyage was marred by two tropical storms/ typhoons, which resulted in the loss of some of the livestock being brought to the islands. The narrative covers stays on Yap, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Mokil, Pingelap, Kosrae, and Saipan. While the copra production potential of Yap is highlighted, the author concludes that overall German Micronesia has only little economic value and provided only a very small market. While layout is cheap, the quality of work provided was deemed low.
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143   

Scharoth, Marie M. 1916. Südseewelten vor dem großen Krieg. [The worlds of the South Seas before the Great War]. Bern: Franke.

Overview of Germany's Pacific colonies and their value to the economy.


144   

Seidel, Heinrich. 1909. "Kleinere Besitzungen im Stillen Ozean." [Smaller possessions in the Pacific Ocean]. In: Hutter, Hauptmann a. d., Büttner, R., Dove, Kurt, Seidel, A., Beck, C. von, Seidel, H., Reinecke, Dr. and Deimling, Kapitänleutnant (eds), Das überseeische Deutschland. Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. Pp. 569-600.

Summary chapter on the German possessions in the Pacific, published after 1901. A general overview is given, summarising the history of discovery for European eyes, the establishment of trading stations and the annexation of the atolls by the German government. A brief description of Jaluit is given including the appearance of the German settlement.
Photos: Sokehs (Pohnpei), Nan Douwas, Nan Madol (Pohnpei), Stone money (Yap), Administration building Garapan (Saipan); Lagoonal view, (Jaluit); Traditional house and sitting dance scene (Marshalls); Iroojs Kabua and family (Marshalls).

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Associated photos (better scans)


145   

Seidel, Heinrich. 1911. "Kleinere Besitzungen im Stillen Ozean." [Smaller possessions in the Pacific Ocean]. In: Hutter, Hauptmann a. d., Büttner, R., Dove, Kurt, Seidel, A., Beck, C. von, Seidel, H., Reinecke, Dr. and Deimling, Kapitänleutnant (eds), Das überseeische Deutschland. Second ed. Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. Pp. 249-253.

Summary chapter on the German possessions in the Pacific, published after 1901. A general overview is given, summarising the history of discovery for European eyes, the geography, the commencement of the mission in the German Marianas, and an overview of production and demography.
Photos: Sokehs (Pohnpei), Nan Douwas, Nan Madol (Pohnpei), Stone money (Yap), Administration building Garapan (Saipan); Lagoonal view, (Jaluit); Traditional house and sitting dance scene (Marshalls); Iroojs Kabua and family (Marshalls).

Associated photos (better scans)
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146   

Sievers, Wilhelm. 1895. Australien und Ozeanien. Eine allgemeine Landeskunde. [Australia and Oceania. A general geography]. Leipzig und Wien: Bibliographisches Institut.

General overview of the physical geography, very briefly discussing the Marianas under the heading 'the Spanish colonies in Oceania' (pp. 446-447).
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147   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1912. "Nachruf Gouverneur a. D. von Bennigsen ." [Obituary of former Governor von Bennigsen]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 10, pp. 432-433.

Obituary for the first Governor of New Guinea (1899-1902).
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148   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. "Dr. Arthur Osswald [Nachruf]." [Dr. Arthur Osswald (obituary)]. Deutsche Kolonialblatt 25, no. 22, pp. 835-836.

Dr. Osswald had served in German East Africa, German Southwest Africa (involved in the suppression of the Herrero uprising) and as Governor in New Guinea. In the latter capacity he was actively involved in the suppression of the Sokeh's rebellion and the punishment meted out to the Sokeh's people. Osswald died at the western front in the early days of the war in 1914.


149   

Supan, A. 1886. "Australien und Inseln des Großen Ozeans-Kleinere Inseln." [Australia and islands of the Pacific-Smaller Islands]. Dr. A Petermann's Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt 32, p. 218.

Note on the Anglo-German Treaty of 17 June 1885 defining the German and British spheres of influence in the Pacific with a detailed discussion of the partition of the Solomon Islands. Included here because it outlines the British interests.
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150   

Volz, Berthold. 1891. Unsere Kolonien: Land und Leute. [Our colonies: land and people]. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.

Overview of the German colonies, with a brief description of the Marshalls. Provides on overview of the period before the Marianas became German.


151   

Wegener, Georg. 1903. Deutschland im Stillen Ozean. [Germany in the Pacific Ocean]. Bielefeld & Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing.

General overview of the geography and ethnography of the Marianas drawing heavily of Spanish and other early observations. More recent developments are extracted from Fritz' official reports. A good example of the still limited state of knowledge three years after Germany took over the administration.
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Associated photos (better scans)


152   

Weyhmann, Horst. 1917. Unsere Südsee. Ein unentbehrlicher Bestandteil der deutschen Volkswirtschaft. [Our South Seas. An indispensable part of the German economy]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.

Well illustrated monograph making an economic and political case to regain the German South Seas colonies after the war. Includes a historic overview as well as an economic assessment.
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153   

Wiedemann, M. 1905. "Aus unseren Südseekolonien." [From our South Seas colonies]. Deutsches Handelsmuseum 2, pp. 1-15 (reprint).

Article discussing the desirability of attracting farmers of German extraction living in Queensland to take up plantations in German New Guinea. An example of cross-development. The author then deplores the state of shipping in the German Pacific and argues that a cohesive shipping policy had been lacking from the start, and that expensive and inappropriate vessels had been used.
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154   

Winkler, C. 1913. "Zehn Jahre Gouverneur von Neuguinea (hierzu ein Bild)." [Ten years as Governor of New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 28, pp. 467-468.

The tenth anniversary of Hahl's service (1902-1912).