Economy
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Economy . |
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Given Germany's preoccupation with making its colonies pay, it is not surprising to find that the greatest number of publications deals with various aspects of the economy of the Marianas and of German Micronesia in general. Covered are aspects of general trade [cf 1016, 1089, 1090], trade statistics [cf 1017, 1022, 1024], customs statistics [cf 1041, 1042; 1053], taxation [cf 1057, 1085], budgets for the administration of the colony [cf 1023, 1032, 1073] as well as the economic value of the colonies to Germany [cf 1060, 1064, 1070, 1080]. Opportunities for settling on Saipan [cf 1027] and the experiences of actual settlers [cf 1061] are also commented on. The monetary system [cf 1019, 1065] as well as local banking and credit opportunities are discussed [cf 1106, 1128]. Sections on commerce detail statistics in general, plantation statistics [cf 1125, 1126, 1127], issues of labour supply and training [cf 1217, 1218] as well as specific industries such as rubber [cf 1097, 1103], livestock [cf 1100, 1112, 1228], raw materials for tanning [cf 1124, 1126] and agricultural cash crops [cf 1223, 1231, 1232]. Annual reports give evidence of the companies operating in the Marianas [cf 1141, 1145, 1146]. The far flung island empire required adequate communications to maintain political order and to facilitate commercial development. Thus items on communications are frequent, ranging from lists of steamer sailing dates from Europe [cf 1250, 1254, 1259, 1267], steamer time tables [cf 1244, 1263] and items on new ships [cf 1284, 1289] to information on changes in mail connections [cf 1255, 1277] and mail rates [cf 1239, 1240, 1243, 1247]. The laying of the telegraph cable between Yap and Guam provided a dramatic improvement in communications [cf 1280, 1294, 1200] as it connected Micronesia to the world network, later on improved through the establishment of wireless stations [cf 1333, 1351, 1399]. Annual statistics of shipping [cf 1447, 1450, 1451] and mail volume [cf 1446, 1448, 1449] are also available. The German government issued separate stamps for the Marianas, which changed repeatedly in design. Because colonial stamps were in high demand, and cancelled early stamps were rare, some postal clerks cancelled stamp stock on demand with a backdated cancel. There is a large body of philatelic literature addressing this issue. . | ||
General Economy . |
| Anon. 1901. "Deutschlands Handel mit den Kolonien." [Germanys trade with the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, no. 34, p. 339. Brief item on the overall trade of Germany with its colonies. Data on the trade with New Guinea and the Islands Territory are given, but not broken down into districts. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Statistik des Warenverkehrs der Marianen im Kalenderjahr 1902." [Statistics of trade in the Marianas for the calendar year 1902]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 16, pp. 441-442. Statistical table of the imports and exports of the Marianas, broken down by country of origin/destination. | |
| Anon. 1905. Deutscher Kolonialatlas. [German Colonial Atlas]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Atlas with maps and some economic and demographic statistics, covering all German colonies. A brief synopsis of the geography, demography, climate, flora and fauna as well as trade is given. .
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| Anon. 1905. "Das Geldwesen in den Schutzgebieten." [The monetary system in the protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 4, pp. 113-114. Explanatory article regarding the regulations governing the use of Imperial German Marks in the German colonies.
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| Anon. 1905. "Guam." Guam. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 10, p. 333. Brief item on the trade statistics of Guam for the period 1 July 1903 to 30 June 1904, taken from a US publication. Trade between Guam and the German Marianas is very limited, with only $536 of a total $58, 185 exported from Guam.
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| Anon. 1906. "Der Außenhandel der Marianen im Jahre 1905." [Foreign trade of the Marianas in the year 1905]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, no. 28, p. 280. Brief item on the statistics of foreign trade in the Marianas. Gives the number of ships calling at Saipan.
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| Anon. 1906. "Aussenhandel der Marianen im Kalenderjahr 1905." [Foreign trade of the Marianas in the calendar year 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, pp. 404-405. Statistical table for the imports and exports of the Marianas. Includes an entry for exports of bird plumes.
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| Anon. 1907. "Aus der Südsee. Etat für die deutschen Kolonien der Südsee." [From the South Seas. Budget for the German South Seas colonies]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 21, no. 24, pp. 1070-1071. Review of the proposed budget for the colonies for the financial year 1904.
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| Anon. 1907. "Außenhandel der Marshall-Inseln 1906." [Foreign trade of the Marshall Islands for 1906]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, no. 45, p. 455. Brief item on the economic development of the Marshalls in 1906. Mentions that phosphate production is coming on line (although no data were available).
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| Anon. 1907. "Außenhandel der Westkarolinen, Palau und Marianen 1906." [Foreign trade of the western Carolines, Palau and Marianas for 1906]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, no. 45, p. 455. Brief item on the economic development of western Micronesia in 1906.
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| Anon. 1907. "Aussenhandel der Westkarolinen, Palau und Marianen im Kalenderjahre 1906." [Foreign trade of the western Carolines, Palau and the Marianas during the calendar year 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 21, pp. 1054-1057. Statistical tables on the economic development of western Micronesia in 1906.
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| Anon. 1907. "Neues aus den Kolonien. Südseeschutzgebiete. Ansiedlungsmöglichkeiten auf den Marianen." [News from the colonies. South Seas protectorates. Settlement opportunitis on the Marianas ]. Kolonie und Heimat 1, no. 1, p. 11. Item of the opportunities to establish a cattle industry in the Marianas.
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| Anon. 1907. "Statistisches aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1906." [Statistics from the German protectorates for the year 1906]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, p. 299. Statistical table summarising the economic development of the German colonies in 1908, includes data on demography, postal service, police force and budget items.
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| Anon. 1908. "Aussenhandel der West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen im Kalenderjahre 1907." [Foreign trade of the Western Carolines during the calendar year 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 16, pp. 808-809. Trade statistics (summary) of the western Carolines district.
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| Anon. 1908. "Aussenhandel der West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen im Kalenderjahre 1907 im Vergleich mit dem Handel im Kalenderjahre 1906." [Foreign trade of the Western Carolines during the calendar year 1907 compared to the trade during the calendar year 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, pp. 806-809. Trade statistics (tables) of the western Carolines district.
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| Anon. 1908. "Die Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete im Jahre 1906/07." [Report on the development of the protectorates for the year 1906/07]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, pp. 106-107. Brief and uncritical summary of the government report on the development of the protectorates for the year 1906/07.
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| Anon. 1908. "Die Schutzgebiets-etats für 1909." [The 1909 budget for the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 49, pp. 851-852. Overview item on the 1909 budget for the German protectorates. The projected budget for the Islands Territory was predicted to be balanced, mainly because the general German New Guinea customs tariff would henceforth also apply to the Islands Territory, generating considerable customs and excise from the phosphate mines on Nauru, Angaur and Peleliu.
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| Anon. 1908. "Statistisches aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1907." [Statistics from the German protectorates for the year 1907]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, p. 533. Statistical table summarising the economic development of the German colonies in 1907, includes data on demography, postal service, police force and budget items.
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| Anon. 1909. "Aus der Südsee. Karolinen und Marshall Inseln." [From the South Seas. Carolines and Marshall Islands]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 23-1, no. 10, p. 477. Review of the 1908 annual report on the Carolines and the Marshalls, discussing the administrative reorganisation with the demotion of Saipan to a station and the economic impact of the devastation wrought by the typhoon of 1907. Reports that Saipan is the island best recovering from all adversity.
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| Anon. 1909. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09. Teil FII Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet. Reichstag 12. Legislatur Periode, II. Session 1909/1910. [Annual report on the development of the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1908/09. German New Guinea and Islands Territory]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics. Comments on the evaluation of the typhoon victims to Pohnpei and Saipan, upwelling of anti-German sentiment on Pohnpei as a result of land reforms and the requirement to build roads. The livestock production on Kosrae is mentioned as well as livestock trade between Kosrae and Jaluit. The photograph section includes a picture of road and bridge en route the Madolenimwh, a view of Kolonia on Pohnpei, a view of the school at Saipan, copra production on Saipan as well as the narrow gauge railway on Nauru and a view of phosphate mining in progress. | |
| Anon. 1909. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Teil FII Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet. [Annual report on the development of the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1907/08. German New Guinea and Islands Territory]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics. Mentions that the western Caroline district imported Coccelinidae from New South Wales to combat the coconut scale insect infestations. Number of livestock held in Yap and Saipan is also given.
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| Anon. 1909. "Der Kolonialetat für 1910." [The colonial budget for 1910]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 49, pp. 809-811. Brief discussion of the German budget for the colonies for the financial year 1908. Most of the discussion focusses on the colonies in Africa. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Statistisches aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1908." [Statistics from the German protectorates for the year 1908]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 32, p. 535. Statistical table summarising the economic development of the German colonies in 1908, includes data on demography, postal service, police force and budget items.
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| Anon. 1911. Kolonialpraxis. Handbuch für Kaufleute, Industrielle, Banken, Behörden und Kapitalisten. [Colonial Practice. A handbook for merchants, industrialists, banks, government departments and capitalists]. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. A handbook with concise information of various tropical (colonial) products and their market values over time. .
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| Anon. 1912. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 1. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1911 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the first quarter of the fiscal year 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 9, p. 408. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 1st quarter 1910 import RMk 2141.70; export RMk 1238.95. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 2. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1911 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the second quarter of the fiscal year 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 11, p. 453. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 2nd quarter 1910 import RMk 2832.09; export RMk 1722.81. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 3. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1911 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the third quarter of the fiscal year 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 22, p. 1098. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 3nd quarter 1910 import RMk 1729.33; export RMk 1979.74. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Neu Guinea (altes Schutzgebiet) im IV. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1910 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea (old protectorate) during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 1, p. 13. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station.
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| Anon. 1912. "Nachweisung der bei der Zollstelle in Saipan im Rechnungsjahr 1909 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs office in Saipan during the fiscal year 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 1, pp. 15-16. Statistical table on the customs levied at Saipan. Does not provide detailed data.
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| Anon. 1912. "Nachweisung der bei der Zollstelle in Saipan im Rechnungsjahr 1910 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs office in Saipan during the fiscal year 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 1, pp. 16-17. Statistical table on the customs levied at Saipan. Does not provide detailed data.
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| Anon. 1912. "Nachweisung der bei der Zollstelle in Saipan in der Zeit vom 15. Juli 1908 bis 31. März 1909 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs office in Saipan for the period 15 July 1908 to 31 March 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 1, p. 15. Statistical table on the customs levied at Saipan. Does not provide detailed data.
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| Anon. 1912. "Statistisches über die deutschen Schutzgebiete." [Statistics on the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 38, p. 666. Statistical table of various attributes of the German colonies, such as population, number of post offices, length of railways and so forth.
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| Anon. 1913. "Der Handel des westlichen Mikronesiens 1912." [Trade of the western part of Micronesia for 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 35, p. 581. Commerce in Micronesia.
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| Anon. 1913. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 1. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1913 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the first quarter of the fiscal year 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 16, p. 1035. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 1st quarter 1913 import RMk 2451.69; export RMk 1733.31.
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| Anon. 1913. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 4. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1912 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 16, p. 1034. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 4th quarter 1912 import RMk 3910.02; export RMk 2458.27.
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| Anon. 1913. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 4. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1911 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 1, p. 9. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 4th quarter 1910 import RMk 3926.47; export RMk 1450.70. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 1. und 2. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1912 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the first and second quarter of the fiscal year 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 10, pp. 442-443. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 1st quarter 1912 import RMk 3659.26; export RMk 2670.11. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 3. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1912 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the third quarter of the fiscal year 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 16, p. 716. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 3rd quarter 1912 import RMk 4258.38; export RMk 2212.99.
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| Anon. 1913. "Zur Frage der Verwendung von Sprengstoffen in der Fischerei." [On question of the use of explosives for fishing]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, no. 11, pp. 134-136. Paper discussing the adverse effects of dynamite fishing on the fish stocks and why fishing with explosives was prohibited throughout the protectorate.
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| Anon. 1914. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 3. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1913 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the third quarter of the fiscal year 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 15, p. 713. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 3rd quarter 1913 import RMk 3940.65; export RMk 1939.72.
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| Anon. 1914. "Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea im 2. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1913 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge." [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the second quarter of the fiscal year 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 6, p. 233. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 2nd quarter 1913 import RMk 5515.77; export RMk 2284.30.
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| Anon. 1914. "Steuerfragen in Deutsch-Neu-Guinea." [Taxation matters in the German New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 18, p. 299. Item outlining the financial problems faced by the German colony of New Guinea. The prohibition on the hunt for bird-of-paradise plumes will result in a substantial decrease in tax income, which has to be made from other sources.
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| Anon. 1914. "Nachrichten aus den von den Japanern besetzten Südseeinseln." [News for the South Sea Islands occupied by Japan]. Der Tropenpflanzer 28, pp. 620-621. Review item of news about the former German colonies in Micronesia. Comments that according to Hawaiian newspaper sources telegraph stations were established on Pohnpei, Jaluit, Chuuk and Saipan and that the phosphate mines at Angaur were exploited. According to Japanese sources the Japanese steamer Mariana Maru returned from a trading trip to Micronesia on 28 July 1915. The vessel brought to Japan several chiefs from Chuuk, Pohnpei, Jaluit, Kosrae, Palau, Yap, Angaur and Saipan, where they would remain for a few months to experience the wealth and might of the Japanese empire.
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| Anon. 1920. "Allerlei aus früheren Südseekolonien." [Varia from the former South Seas Colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 23, pp. 120-122. Paper discussing the fate of the German investment in Nauru, Samoa, Angaur and the other Micronesian islands. The article mentions that most missionaries were deported, that speaking German was prohibited, that Japanese was to be spoken instead, and that various chiefs had been taken to Japan on an 'information tour' to impress the superiority of the Japanese. All trade items were now of Japanese origin. | |
| Blum, Hans. 1899. "Das Wirtschaftsleben der deutschen Südseeinseln." [The economy of the German South Sea Islands]. Preussische Jahrbücher 98, pp. 295-319. Overview of the state of economy and commerce of the German South Seas possessions at the eve of the German take over of Spanish Micronesia. | |
| Dachsel, P. 1904. "Meine Erfahrungen auf den Marianen." [My experiences on the Marianas]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 5, pp. 362-364. Very tendentious account by the second German settler on Saipan on his experiences in April and May 1904, trying to establish a farm. Dachsel had come out with little official information and had reacted to a friend's (Costenoble) comments. Costenoble's disappointment at Talofofo is described as is Dachsel's ill-fated attempt to acquire a lease at Susupe. Dachsel then attacks the policy that Chamorro are given free land while German settlers cannot own land and have to lease property. Personal accusations of administrative and pecuniary impropriety are levelled at Fritz.
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| Eckert, M. 1910? Wirtschaftsatlas der deutschen Kolonien. [Economic atlas of the German colonies]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Atlas with maps and some economic statistics, covering all German colonies. Includes detailed maps of Samoa, Upolu and the eastern Bismarck archipelago. .
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| Hassert, Kurt. 1903. Die neuen deutschen Erwerbungen in der Südsee: Die Karolinen, Marianen und Samoa-Inseln. [The new German acquisitions in the South Seas: the Caroline, Marianas and Samoa Islands]. Leipzig: Dr. Seele. Critical review of the economic value of the Carolines and Marianas after the initial euphoria of acquisition had receded. The author points out that the land mass of the islands is small which limits the agricultural productivity. Other products, such as timber, were seen as of low import given the transportation problems. The copra industry as well as the overall commerce are also discussed in less than glowing terms. The chapter ends with a discussion of the prospects of German Samoa.
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| Hassert, Kurt. 1907. "Kolonialer Nutzwert der neuen deutschen Erwerbugen in der Südsee." [Colonial values of the recent German acquisitions in the South Seas]. In: Scheel, Willy (ed.), Deutsche Kolonien. Koloniales Lesebuch zur Einführung in die Kenntnis von Deutschlands Kolonien und ihrer Bedeutung für das Mutterland. Berlin: C. H. Schwetschke und Sohn. Pp. 176-195. Critical review of the economic value of the Carolines and Marianas after the initial euphoria of acquisition had receded. The author points out that the land mass of the islands is small which limits the agricultural productivity. Other products, such as timber, were seen as of low import given the transportation problems. The copra industry as well as the overall commerce are also discussed in less than glowing terms. The chapter ends with a discussion of the prospects of German Samoa.
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| Helmreich, Theodor. 1913. Das Geldwesen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. 2, Teil. Mikronesien. [On the monetary system in the German Protectorates. Part 2: Micronesia]. Fürth: L. Limpert & Sohn. Ethnographic treatise on the nature of traditional monies and items of value in the German protectorates. The Micronesian section deals with the introduction of German currency from 1888 (valid were all Imperial coins with the exception of the RMk 5 coin, but including the Taler and the nickel 20 Pfg coins) which left the other coinage in circulation (British, American, Chilean and Bolivian). From 1907 foreign coinage was no longer legal tender. The author quotes examples from Saipan and Pohnpei to show how the German government introduced German coinage (through wages) and discouraged the use of other coinage (by requesting taxes to be paid in German coins). A discussion of the Marshall islands gives a general overview over the geography and social structure, showing how labour was exchanged and what kind of value accruing system was in place. He argues that money in the capitalist sense did not exist and that valuables, such as the red Spondylus necklaces can not be regarded as money sensu strictu. Describes the introduction of Peruvian and especially Chilean Dollars (at a nominal value of RMk 3, 60). Describes the Godeffroy system of Chilean coinage import (20% profit) to the South Seas Islands and money exchanges into British or American currency (for the traders) (5% profit for Godeffroys). The introduction of the cash economy is discussed, showing that the introduction of the copra tax was an astute way of ensuring that the chiefs could be taxed while being able to call upon the traditional provision of labour by the commoners.
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| Henoch, Hubert. 1911. "Die wirtschaftliche Lage auf der Insel Guam." [The economic situation on the island of Guam]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Wirtschaft 13, p. 123. Report by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation on Guam.
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| Herfurth, Alfred. 1903. "Die deutschen nordpazifischen Inseln." [The German North Pacific Islands]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 4, no. 23, pp. 435-436. Upbeat description of the potential of German Micronesia following the establishment of the mail steamer line by the Jaluit Gesellschaft and the Norddeutscher Lloyd. The cable to Yap is seen as a further boon to a local economy, which is predicted to exceed in productivity that of Samoa. Potential problems with coconut pests are mentioned, but played down.
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| Hermann, Rudolf. 1912. "Die Kolonialstatistik nach den amtlichen Jahresberichten." [Colonial statistics from official annual reports]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 33, pp. 565-567. Brief discussion of the economic statistics for the German colonies for the previous financial year. | |
| [Hoffmann, Edler von. 1909. "Handelspolitik und Kolonien." [Trade policy and the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 41, pp. 674-676. General item discussing the value of the colonies for Germany's economy and trade politics. | |
| Jacobi, E. 1901. "Die Bedeutung unserer Südseekolonien für den Weltverkehr." [The import of our South Sea colonies for world trade]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, no. 47, pp. 462-463. An upbeat paper arguing that the German South Seas colonies have great potential, as they lie in direct line between Japan and Sydney (Marianas) and Nicaragua and the Philippines (Carolines). All atolls of the Marshalls provide natural harbours that could be exploited. As to the Marianas the author argues that the harbour at Tanapag is better than Apra harbour on Guam, and that Managaha Islet could serve as a coal depot. An animal corral has been established at Tanapag which is destined to serve the passing trade of merchant ships desirous of replenishing the food supplies.
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| Kirchhoff, Alfred. 1886. Die Südseeinseln und der deutsche Südseehandel. [The South Sea Islands and the German South Seas Trade]. Berlin: Carl Habel. General geographical overview of the Pacific islands and their peoples with cursory references to the ethnography, social structure and natural environment. The second half of the booklet deals with the German trade with the South Pacific culled from various published sources.
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| König, B. von. 1909. "Die Finanzverwaltung und Rechnungskontrolle in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Fiscal administration and control in the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, pp. 267-268. Item discussing general concepts of fiscal management in the German colonies.
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| König, B. von. 1912. "Der Kolonialetat für 1913." [The colonial budget for 1913]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 48, pp. 805-808; 49 Supplement, pp. 841-842. Review of the colonial budget for 1913, mainly focussing on the projected developments in the German African colonies. New Guinea and the Islands Territory are dealt with as one entity. Comments favourable on the increase in income derived from New Guinea (and islands) due to increased economic activity. Further increases in income are predicted for 1913, mainly derived from the expansion of New Guinea-style head taxes to the Islands Territory and increases in the taxation levied on bird-of-paradise plumes. It is highlighted that New Guinea is the only German colony where the (tax) income is insufficient to cover the costs of the administration. The administration of the colony shall be expanded during 1913, including the establishment of agricultural research stations (all based in New Guinea). The public health system shall be strengthened (again on New Guinea) including the establishment of a separate women's ward.
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| König, B. von. 1913. "Die Entwicklung unserer Schutzgebiete." [The development of our protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 7, pp. 98-101. Review of the 1911/12 trade figures and economic indicators for the German protectorates. Demonstrates the usefulness of the colonies as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for German goods.
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| König, B. von. 1913. "Die Finanzlage unserer Kolonien nach der Schutzgebietsdenkschrift, 1911/12." [The financial situation of our colonies according to the report on the protectorates for 1911/12]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 8 Supplement, pp. 130-131. Review of the 1911/12 trade figures and economic indicators for the German protectorates. Demonstrates the usefulness of the colonies as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for German goods.
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| König, B. von. 1913. "Der Kolonialetat für 1914." [The 1914 colonial budget]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 48, pp. 791-792; no. 49, pp. 811-813. Brief review of the colonial budget for 1914 limited to the main budget lines. Some items are pulled out separately. Most of the discussion focuses on the African colonies. For New Guinea and the Islands Territory higher income was predicted due to increased taxation. Health and education expenses were set to increase in line with demands by the Reichstags.
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| Krieger, M. 1899. "Die Etats für die Schutzgebiete. 5. Die Südsee-Schutzgebiete." [Budgets for the Protectorates. 5. South Seas Protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, no. 51, pp. 530-531. General summary of the 1900/1901 budget estimates for the New Guinea and the Islands Territory. A lengthy discussion of the need for and use of a government vessel is included. No detailed breakdown can be found.
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| Müllendorf, P. 1914. "Zur Entwicklung unserer Schutzgebiete." [On the development of our protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 6, pp. 94-95. Review of the annual report for the colonies for the financial year 1912/13. The favourable review concentrates on the German colonies in Africa. The author stresses that as far as the development of the Pacific colonies is concerned, the government should place its highest priority on the expansion of colonial presence along the coastal region of New Guinea.
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| Neubaur, Dr. 1907. "Die wirtschaftliche Grundlage der Kolonialbewegung." [The economic basis of the colonial movement]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, pp. 24-26. Discussion paper outlining the economic value of the colonies for Germany and the need to maintain an active colonial policy. Written in response to a growing crisis in German political circles over whether colonies should be maintained. The author argues that British infrastructure development in the African colonies draw German trade from German companies. Any non-pursuance of a colonial expansion policy would make Germany the laughing stock of the world.
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| Preuß, Paul. 1916. "Wirtschaftliche Werte in den Deutschen Südseekolonien." [Economic values of the German South Seas colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 19, no. 8, pp. 1-48. First part of a major review article on the economic significance of the German colonies in Oceania, written during World War I in response to the confiscation of German colonial property not only in the colonies occupied by Japan, Australia and New Zealand, but also in response to the capital confiscated in neutral countries. Reviews the products of the German colonies in Africa and the colonies in the Pacific and shows how the loss of the colonies has created problems for local supply of spices and raw materials. Expresses the opinion that Turkey (then an ally of the Germans) might be able to assist. Shows the level of German capital investment in Samoa and New Guinea and compares it favourably with the German investment in the African colonies. Provides a statistic (1899-1914) for the German government subsidies to the administration and development of the colonies of New Guinea, Samoa and the (1898 acquired) Micronesian territories as well as a table summarising the government earnings from these colonies. Preuß argues that the German South Seas colonies were never as well known and as popular as the German colonies in Africa, possibly due to the distances involved and the sparsity of communications. A summary of the history of acquisition and development of the colonies (until 1914) is given.
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| Preuß, Paul. 1916. "Wirtschaftliche Werte in den Deutschen Südseekolonien." [Economic values of the German South Seas colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 19, no. 9, pp. 491-514. Second instalment of a major review article on the economic significance of the German colonies in Oceania, written during World War I. Following a geographic overview Preuß discusses the shipping connections and other means of communications between the South Seas colonies and Australia/ Europe, as well as within the German Pacific territories. Trade and production statistics are given for Samoa, New Guinea, the Island Territory (Inselgebiet). Most raw materials and produce is discussed at length, with special attention given to phosphate.
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| Preuß, Paul. 1916. "Wirtschaftliche Werte in den Deutschen Südseekolonien." [Economic values of the German South Seas colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 19, no. 10, pp. 539-561. Final instalment of a major review article on the economic significance of the German colonies in Oceania, written during World War I. Continuation of the discussion of individual types of raw materials and produce. The main emphasis of the paper is on the copra industry providing data on establishment costs, management costs, production returns and the like. The rubber industry had just commenced (since 1912) when the war broke out. A brief description of the agricultural experimental work is given. A discussion on population and the provision of paid labour concludes the paper.
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| Reichskolonialamt. 1911. "Deutsch-Neu-Guinea. (Inselgebiet: Ost-Karolinen, West-Karolinen mit Palau und Marianen. Marshallinseln.)." [German New Guinea (Islands Territory: Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines with Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Berichtsteil, pp. 170-178. Annual report of the activities in German Micronesia, with a review of the economic situation, the health status (the conjunctivitis epidemic has receded), education system and enrolments. On Saipan and Yap hospital facilities were extended. An account of the Sokeh's uprising and subsequent punitive action on Pohnpei is also included. | |
| Reinecke, Dr. 1907. "Die Entwicklung der Südsee-Schutzgebiete." [The development of the South Sea protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, no. 14, pp. 136-137. Favourable review of the salient points of the annual report on the development of the protectorates issued by the Reichstag.
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| S., R. 1908. "Deutsch-Neuguinea unter dem Drucke des neuen Zolltarifes." [German New Guinea hard pressed by the new customs duties]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 41, pp. 723-726. Discusses the implications of the new customs tariffs for German New Guinea on the future of trade. The German colonial office had directed that the colony of German New Guinea (and the island territory) had to pay for itself, and that subventions would be limited. Among them, subventions for the New Guinea-Singapore Shipping line were not renewed. The paper argues that the copra duty is particularly unfair.
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| Seidel, A. 1902. "Die Insel Guam." [The Island of Guam]. Beträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 4, pp. 6-9. Overview of the economical and political situation of Guam based an American reports. | |
| Sprigade, P and Moisel, M. 1912. Deutscher Kolonialatlas. [German Colonial Atlas]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Atlas with maps and some economic and demographic statistics, covering all German colonies. A brief synopsis of the geography, demography, climate, flora and fauna as well as trade is given. .
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| Volkens, Georg. 1903. "Etat für die Verwaltung der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [The budget for the administration of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 7, pp. 62-63. Review of the budget for the Carolines, Palau and Marianas for the financial year 1903/1904. Volkens criticises that even in this, the third budget, the positions of the administrators have not been formally created, but are paid from a one-line item 'white assistants' (weiße Hilfskräfte). The argument is advanced that white administrators would always be required. The budget also contains an allocation of RMk 20, 215 for a new administration building on Pohnpei, as well as RMk 10, 000 for the dissemination of the German language. Fritz is praised as a 'shining example' with his personal involvement in public education.
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| Warnack, Dr. 1913. "Der Handel der Südseeinseln 1912." [The 1912 trade of the South Sea Islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 50, pp. 828-830. Review of the trade of the German South Seas possessions in 1912.
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| Wilkens, Th. 1903. "Der Handel der Marianen in Jahre 1902." [The trade of the Marianas in the year 1902]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 35, p. 355. Item on the trade of the Marianas in 1902, summarising information published in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.
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| Winkler, C. 1911. "Handel und Verkehr von Deutsch-Neuguinea im Jahre 1909." [Trade and traffic of German New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 21, pp. 357-361. Summary item on the development of trade in New Guinea and the Islands Territory. The trade volume for 1909 increased over 1908, with imports of RMk 382, 355 exceeding exports of RMk 146, 484. Western food items and ammunitions decreased, largely due to the reduction of the police troops in Micronesia. The Australian share of the trade increased (mainly in the construction materials sector). The preference by the locals for freshly minted currency, particularly 1 Mark pieces, is highlighted. It is reported that individual chiefs would possess sums of up to Mark 10, 000, all in 1 Mark pieces, which led to a shortage in circulating coins.
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| Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1910. "Die wirtschaftliche Lage auf der Insel Guam." [The economic situation on the island of Guam]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 23, p. 947. Report by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation on Guam. The report contains statistical data on trade, shipping, population. Comments on the effects of government employment by the naval administration and the concomitant reduction in agricultural production. Mentions that the Japanese companies Brothers Shimizu and South Seas Trading Co. have offices both on Saipan and Guam. The main imports from Saipan were dried meat, live fowl and tobacco to a value of $3240, 57 (or 3. 42% of the total import value), while Japan controls the imports with over 60% market share.
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| Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1910. "Wirtschaftliche Lage auf der Insel Guam." [The economic situation on the island of Guam]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 24, no. 50, pp. 597-598. General description of the economic indicators and statistics of Guam for the financial year ending 30 June 1910. The data are embedded in the text.
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Commerce . |
| Anon. 1895. "Hamburgs Handel mit den Kolonien." [Hamburg's trade with the colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, pp. 442-446. Article demonstrating the volume of trade with the colonies and its importance for the economy of Hamburg. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Die Karolinen as Luginsland für den polynesischen Welthandel." [The Carolines as a stepping stone for world trade with Polynesia]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 14, no. 16, pp. 277-278. Editorial arguing that the acquisition of the Carolines and the Marianas from Spain was of great economic importance. German Micronesia's position in the North Pacific, combined with the new shipping routes to be developed after the opening of the Panama canal were seen as great opportunities. Further, the population decline of the Pacific islands was seen as beneficial, as the Pacific Islander population could be replaced by emigrants from Europe and China, which would create sizeable markets for German products.
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| Anon. 1901. "Jahresbericht des Kolonial-Wirtschaftlichen Komitees für 1900/1901. II. Beschaffung und Verteilung von Saatgut, chemische und technische Untersuchungen kolonialer Produkte." [Annual report of the Colonial Scientific Committee for 1900/1901. II. Provision and distribution of seed and chemical and technical investigations of colonial produce]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 11, pp. 397-399. Article on the report of the Colonial Scientific Committee mentions that Hemp seed sourced from India was shipped for trials to many colonies, among them the Marshalls, Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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| Anon. 1903. "Guttapercha in Deutsch-Neuguinea." [Guttapercha in German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, p. 495. Item on the state of the colonial rubber industry in New Guinea, which at the time was heavily promoted in Micronesia. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Hamburgs Handel mit den Kolonien in Jahre 1902." [Hamburg's trade with the colonies during 1902]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, p. 356. Statistical table demonstrating the value of the colonies for the economy of the seaport and city of Hamburg.
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| Anon. 1904. "Hamburgs Handel mit den deutschen Kolonien." [Hamburg's trade with the German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, p. 389. Article demonstrating the volume of trade with the colonies and its importance for the economy of Hamburg. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Die verwilderte Viehherde auf Tinian." [The wild herds of cattle on Tinian]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 43, p. 430. Item on the lease of Tinian to the Tinian-Gesellschaft owned by A. Stein and Lotze for RMk 2000 pa. The company intends to develop a dried meat market for export to Guam, as the live cattle trade to Saipan cannot be expanded due to market saturation.
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| Anon. 1906. "Aussenhandel der Marianen." [Foreign trade of the Marianas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 20, no. 33, p. 317. Brief summary of the published trade statistics for 1905. Written for the expatriate business world in China.
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| Anon. 1907. "Bergbauliche Verfügung für Mikronesien." [Mining ordinance for Micronesia]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, p. 151. News item that the Imperial German colonial office had ruled that the administration of the Islands Territory had the sole authority to permit and license mining in Micronesia.
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| Anon. 1908. "Kautschuk, Guttapercha und Balata." [India rubber, Guttapercha und Balata]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, p. 686. Item on the state of the colonial rubber industry, which at the time was heavily promoted in Micronesia.
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| Anon. 1910. "Die Produktion unserer Kolonien im Jahre 1908/09. (auf Grund der Denkschriften des Reichskolonialamts). V. Südseeinseln." [The production of our colonies in the year 1908/09 (based on the white papers of the Imperial colonial office). V. South Sea Islands]. Koloniale Rundschau pp. 382-387. Overview of the economy of the German South Sea colonies, with few statistical data. Mentions the impending development of the phosphate mines on Angaur and the changes to land ownership on Pohnpei (including the threat of a rebellion). A summary of the copra exports is given. Cash crops of cocoa, tobacco, hemp and rubber are mentioned as new developments.
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| Anon. 1911. "Gesamthandel des Schutzgebiets Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebietes von 1900-1910." [Total trade of the Protectorate of New Guinea including the Islands Territory 1909-1910]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea 3, no. 22, p. 241. Statistical table providing a summary of the trade.
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| Anon. 1911. "Landeskreditanstalten in den Kolonien." [Regional credit institutions in the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 25, p. 25. Item discussing the need to establish loan and savings banks in the German colonies for the advancement of German settlers and their plantations. A call is made for the Imperial Colonial Office to facilitate such establishments. No mention is made of the need for such institutions to be accessible to local, non-expatriate communities.
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| Anon. 1912. "Ein und Ausfuhr des sogenannten alten Schutzgebietes." [Import and export statistics of the so-called old protectorate]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, no. 20, pp. 210-212. Trade statistics for German New Guinea.
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| Anon. 1913. "Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1912. Inselgebiet westlicher Teil (West Karolinen, Palau und Marianen)." [Trade statistics for the calendar year 1912. Islands Territory, western part (Western Carolines, Palau und Marianas)]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, no. 13, pp. 161-162. Statistical tables on the commerce of the Western Carolines district, including the Marianas.
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| Anon. 1914. "Hamburgs Einfuhr aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1913." [Hamburg's imports from the German protectorates for 1913]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, p. 496. Statistical table demonstrating the value of the colonies for the economy of the seaport and city of Hamburg.
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| Deeken, Richard. 1912. "Der Handel Neuguineas im Jahre 1911." [The trade of New Guinea in the year 1911]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 37, pp. 631-632. Very positive review of the annual trade figures for German New Guinea (including the Islands Territory), commenting on the good prospects for copra exports, as well as the income derived from bird-of-paradise plumes. Other tropical industries such as cacao, rubber, and mother of pearl were also doing well, while many others were still in developmental stages. An exceptional item among the imports was the new government steamer, the Komet, worth RMk 700,000. In addition, coinage worth RMk 320,000 was also imported to offset the shortage of coins in the territory (due to hoarding by locals).
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| Eckert, Georg. 1936. "Die Zuckerproduktion auf den Marianen." [The sugar production on the Marianas]. Koloniale Rundschau 27, pp. 219-221. A summary paper on the state of the sugar cane production in the Marianas, including statistical tables on the area under cultivation, the amount of government subsidies to facilitate production (with per capita support for Japanese about ten times the support for Chamorro/Carolinians), the value of the sugar exports and the total number of Japanese on the islands.
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| Fritz, Georg. 1904. "Bericht des Bezirksamtmannes Fritz in Saipan über die Viehherde auf Tinian." [Report of the district officer Fritz on the herd of cattle on Tinian]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, pp. 642-643. Beginning 1 April 1904 the district administration leased the Tinian herds to a company formed by Albert Stein, E. Lotze and Juan de los Reyes for RMk 2000 pa lease payment. The paper contains the economic balance sheet for the operations 1900-1903. | |
| Hermann, Rudolf. 1899. Die Handelsbeziehungen Deutschlands zu seinen Schutzgebieten. [The commercial relationship between German and its protectorates]. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial Verlag. Review of the economic potential of the German protectorates at the eve of the annexation of Central and Western Micronesia. The section on the South Seas reviews the shipping connections, trade balances in New Guinea and the Marshall Islands and the produce derived from plantations there. Statistical tables on shipping volume are included.
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| König, B. von. 1912. "Der Handel mit den Kolonien." [Trade with the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 29, p. 506. Brief summary item on the state of trade with the German colonies.
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| Krieger, M. 1899. "über die Handelsunternehmungen in unseren Südsee-Kolonien." [On the trading companies in our South Seas colonies]. Beträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 1, p. 33-50. Overview of the activities of the German trading companies in Oceania, written on the eve of the German take-over of the rest of Micronesia. Provides a good overview of the level of activity, which is mainly concentrated on New Guinea.
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| Reichskolonialamt. 1907. "Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1906." [Trade statistics for the calendar year 1906]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 4, pp. 39-46. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1906." [Trade statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 3, pp. 39-46. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1907." [Trade statistics for the calendar year 1907]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 3, pp. 34-38. Statistical data on the commerce with the German colonies in 1907. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Plantagenstatistik." [Plantation Statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 37-38. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands Lists experimental plants used on the islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Plantagenstatistik." [Plantation statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 32-33. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands Lists experimental plants used on the islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Handelsstatistik." [Trade statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 34-38. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Plantagenstatistik." [Plantation statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 5, pp. 32-33. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands Includes detailed statistics on plants grown for purposes of experimentation by the district office. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Plantagenstatistik." [Plantation statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 41-42. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands Contains a list of species planted in the Experimental Garden in Pohnpei. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1910. "Handel der einzelnen Schutzgebiete 1909. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), Ost-Karolinen. West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen. Marschall-Inseln." [Commerce in the individual protectorates 1909. New Guinea (Islands Territory), Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. B. II. 2, pp. 226-237. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1910. "Plantagenstatistik 1910. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [Plantation Statistics 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. IV, p. 54. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1911. "Plantagenstatistik 1911. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [Plantation Statistics 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. A. IV, p. 54. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1912. "Handel der einzelnen Schutzgebiete 1910. Neu-Guinea." [Commerce in the individual protectorates 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory), Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 2, pp. 288-305. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1913. "Geld-, Kredit-, und Bankwesen." [Money, credit and bank matters]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, p. 63. Statistical tables of the amount of currency as well as the overall capital of companies operating in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1913. "Handel der einzelnen Schutzgebiete 1911. Neu-Guinea." [Commerce in the individual protectorates 1911. New Guinea (Islands Territory), Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 2, pp. 312-339. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1914. "Geld- und Kreditwesen, Banken und Kapitalinvestition." [Money and credit matters, banks and capital investments]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 75-77. Statistical tables of the amount of currency as well as the overall capital of companies operating in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1914. "Handel der einzelnen Schutzgebiete 1912. Deutsch-Neuguinea." [Commerce in the individual protectorates 1912. New Guinea (Islands Territory), Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 2, pp. 348-375. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichstag. 1907. "Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1907." [Trade statistics for the calendar year 1907]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 336-347. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichstag. 1907. "Plantagenstatistik." [Plantation Statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 315-325. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. Lists experimental plants used on the islands. | |
| Reichstag. 1907. "Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen." [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 348-349. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Zache, Hans. 1924. "Mikronesien-Guam." [Micronesia. Guam]. Wirtschafts-Dienst, Weltwirtschaftliche Nachrichten 9, p. 36. Report on the economic sistuation of Guam, compiled from published US sources. | |
| Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1910. "Wirtschaftliche Lage auf Guam." [The economic situation on the island of Guam]. Koloniale Monatsblätter 13, p. 336. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation Guam in 1910/11. | |
| Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1912. "Landwirtschaftliche Lage auf der Insel Guam." [The agricultural Situation on Guam]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 4, p. 179. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila (dated 4 December 1911) on the agricultural production of Guam following the typhoon of 19 October 1911. The heavy reliance on imports and the lack of local production acerbated the problem. The coffee harvest is described as very low because the flowers had not set due to the heavy rain. The livestock populations declined in numbers due to fowl cholera and swine fever. Several horses also died due to veterinary illnesses.
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| Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1912. "Wirtschaftliche Lage auf Guam." [The economic situation on Guam]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe pp. 197-198. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation in Guam. | |
| Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1913. "Wirtschaftliche Lage auf Guam im Fiskaljahr 1911/12." [The economic situation on Guam during the financial year 1911/12]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe pp. 157-158. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation Guam. Provides a summary of the American administration's budget as well as the statistics for copra exports (increased due to the wind thrown nuts by two typhoons) and building timber (sent to Saipan). A new hospital as well as a school were erected during the year. | |
| Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1914. "Volkswirtschaft auf Guam im Fiskaljahr 1912/13." [The economy of Guam during the financial year 1912/13]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 463. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation on Guam. Provides a summary of the American administration's budget as well as the statistics for copra exports (reduced due to the wind damage by two typhoons) and building timber (sent to Saipan). Highlights the increasing intermarriage of Japanese with Chamorro. | |
Companies . |
| Anon. 1903. "Verzeichnis der auf den Westkarolinen ansässigen Firmen und Händler." [Register of the companies and traders resident on the Western Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 18, p. 496. Summary table of trading companies in the western Carolines.
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| Anon. 1920. "Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln und Jaluit Gesellschaft." [Varia from the former South Seas Colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 23, pp. 53-54. Paper discussing the fate of the plantations and trade interests of the most powerful German trading company in the Pacific, the Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln in Samoa and Tonga, and of the Jaluit Gesellschaft in the Marshall Islands and the Carolines. | |
| Anon. 1921. "Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen-Gesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln und Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Der Tropenpflanzer 24, pp. 53-54. . | |
| König, B. von. 1912. "Die kolonialen Unternehmungen im Jahre 1912." [Colonial companies for the year 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 40, pp. 678-679. Overview on the state of the commercial colonial companies during 1912 (and the dividends paid out), drawing on the companies' annual reports.
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| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen. (Nach dem Stande am 1. Januar 1908.)." [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 4, pp. 39-40. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen nach dem Stande vom 1. Januar 1907." [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies (as of 1 January 1907)]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 7, p. 52. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen." [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies (as of 1 January 1909)]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 39-40. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen. (Nach dem Stande am 1. Januar 1908)." [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies (as of 1 January 1908)]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 39-40. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Treue, Wolfgang. 1942. "Koloniale Konzessionsgesellschaften." [Colonial concession companies]. Koloniale Rundschau 33, pp. 173-183. Paper discussing the nature of the colonial concession companies which were the vehicles used by the German government to administer both New Guinea and the Marshall Islands. Treue compares the system to that used by other colonial powers such as Belgium and France. | |
Companies-Jaluit Gesellschaft . |
| The Jaluit Gesellschaft was the single most powerful company in Micronesia, controlling the copra production in the eastern Carolines and the Marshalls, and having a stranglehold on the economy of the Marshalls. The company also operated the German mail steamer. Although not specifically operating in the Marianas, the Jaluit Gesellschaft looms large in German colonial history in Micronesia. This section provides a listing of the annual reports as well as news items on the company's performance. . |
| Anon. 1890. "Der erste Jahresbericht der Jaluit Gesellschaft." [The first annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 3, no. 18, p. 219. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1893. "Nach dem Jahresberichte der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1892." [According to the annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1892]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 4, p. 274. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1894. "Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1893." [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1893]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 5, p. 376. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1895. "Jahresbericht der Jaluit Gesellschaft für 1894." [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1894]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 8, no. 30, p. 236. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1899." [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1899]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 711-712. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1901. "Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1900." [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, pp. 391-392. . | |
| Anon. 1901. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 5, pp. 330-331. . | |
| Anon. 1902. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, pp. 297-298. . | |
| Anon. 1902. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 6, pp. 368-369. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, pp. 240-241. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 7, pp. 267-268. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Pacific Phosphate Company, London." Der Tropenpflanzer 7, pp. 133-134. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft." [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft ]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 292. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." [Jaluit Company, Hamburg]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 16, pp. 157-158. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1905. "Auszug aus dem Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1904." [Extract from the annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1904]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 386. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1905. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 9, pp. 461-462. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1906. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 10, pp. 393-394. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1906. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 291. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 529. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, pp. 1013-1014. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 12, pp. 440-441. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 700-701. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, pp. 474-475. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, pp. 464-465. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 15, pp. 212-213. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, pp. 551-552. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, pp. 542-543. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1914. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, p. 590. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1914. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 18, p. 155. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1917. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 20, p. 422. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Anon. 1917. "Pacific Phosphate Co. Ltd." Der Tropenpflanzer 20, pp. 387-388. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Er. 1907. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." Der Tropenpflanzer 11, p. 404. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Fs. 1909. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg." Der Tropenpflanzer 13, pp. 324-325. The items 1154 to 1182 are all brief summaries of the annual reports and performance of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft and its daughter company, the Pacific Phosphate Co. Ltd, extracted from the company's annual reports. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1887. Statuten der Jaluit Gesellschaft beschlossen in der constituierenden Versammlung vom 21. December 1887. [Statutes of the Jaluit Gesellschaft agreed upon at the constituent assembly of 21 December 1887]. Hamburg: J. F. Richter. Statutes of the Jaluit Gesellschaft spelling out that the Deutsche Handels- und Plantagengesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln zu Hamburg and Roberston & Hernsheim (also Hamburg) would merge their major trading stations in Jaluit, as well as their substations in the Marshalls, Gilberts and Carolines, as well as Nauru, including all ships (Brazileira, Futuna [both Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft], Estelle, Sybilly [both Roberston & Hernsheim]), station buildings, fittings and trade goods. It is assumed that the assets of the company were about RMk 980,000. The company will issue 240 shares of RMk 5,000 each. Robertson & Hernsheim and the Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft will receive 50 shares each for the property and trade goods brought into the company. The remainder of the statutes are detailed legal regulations regarding the nature and payment of dividends, the make up and powers of the board of directors, the nature and conduct of the annual general meeting etc. etc. Includes the text of the contract between the Deutsche Handels- und Plantagengesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln and Roberston & Hernsheim regarding the merger of their Micronesian trading interests. A map of the German Marshalls is appended. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1890. Jahresbericht für 1889 vorgelegt in der ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 12. August 1890. [Annual report for 1889 presented at the annual general meeting on 12 August 1890]. Hamburg: W. Gente. First annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft. Mentions that the merger of the trading interest of the Deutsche Handels und Plantagen Gesellschaft and Robertson & Hernsheim commenced on 1 April 1888 as opposed to on 1 February. The reason was the unreliable shipping connections. The Jaluit Gesellschaft owned or operated 60 trading stations during its first year of operations. Although the move was deemed desirable in general, the company lost some funds when the German government changed the currency in the Marshalls from the previously prevalent Chilean and Bolivian Dollars to the Imperial German Mark. Mentions guardedly that not enough trade goods had been sent to the trading stations. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a loss of RMk 17,491. 03. The company lost two vessels in 1888, which were replaced by the acquisition of a vessel and a newly built vessel. The company's plantation on Ujelang was breaking even and was expected to turn substantial profits six years from hence. Since October 1888 Jaluit had joined the World Postal Union, but all mail had to be sent via Sydney or San Francisco, using sailing vessels as opportunities presented themselves. The company complained about the lack of education of the Marshallese and argued that the situation was not likely to change until the ABCFM missionaries were replaced by European missionaries. The Jaluit Gesellschaft identified the need for a government physician and stated that it would pay part of the salary once it had turned profits. Directors: F. Hernsheim & F. Gerdzen. Board members: H. Robertson, C. Godeffroy, H. E. Bense, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1891. Jahresbericht für 1890 vorgelegt in der zweiten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 11 November 1891. [Annual report for 1890 presented at the second annual general meeting on 11 November 1891]. Hamburg: W. Gente. During 1889 and 1890 several of the larger islands suffered severely from drought. In addition a measles epidemic (introduced by the ABCFM mission vessel) decimated and weakened the population. The company is still trying to entice a German mission society to take the place of the ABFCM. The appointment of a government physician could be arranged during this financial year. After tax and various write offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 73,046. 75, of which it paid RMK48, 000 in dividends and used the remainder to make up for last year's loss and to pay into reserves. Directors: F. Hernsheim & F. Gerdzen. Board members: H. Robertson, C. Godeffroy, H. E. Bense, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1892. Jahresbericht für 1891 vorgelegt in der dritten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 3. August 1892. [Annual report for 1891 presented at the third annual general meeting on 3 August 1892]. Hamburg: W. Gente. Many of the company's vessels required repairs which increased the write-offs for vessels. Again, nothing had developed on the issue of establishing a German school operated by German missionaries. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 56, 517. 26, of which RMk 48, 000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders. Directors: F. Hernsheim & F. Gerdzen. Board members: H. Robertson, C. Godeffroy, H. E. Bense, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1893. Jahresbericht für 1892 vorgelegt in der vierten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 10. Juni 1893. [Annual report for 1892 presented at the fourth annual general meeting on 10 June 1893]. Hamburg: W. Gente. One of the vessels chartered by the Jaluit Gesellschaft was stranded leading to the disruption of trading services even though none of the cargo was lost. In December 1891 the Jaluit Gesellschaft acquired all trading stations and goods of the American firm Crawford & Co, after the owner of that company had suddenly died in August 1891. Director F. Gerdzen commenced an inspection tour of the various trading stations in August 1891 and is expected to return in late 1892. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 89, 693. 25, of which RMk 66, 900 were paid as dividends to the shareholders. RMk 18, 000 were put into the reserve to finance an expected expansion of the trading network. Directors: F. Hernsheim & C. Godeffro. yBoard members: H. Robertson, H. E. Bense, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1893. Revidiertes Statut der Jaluit Gesellschaft beschlossen in der Generalversammlung am 10. Juni 1893. [Revised statute of the Jaluit Company agreed upon at the General Meeting of 10 June 1893]. Hamburg: W. Gente. Various legal regulations regarding the nature and payment of dividends, the make up and powers of the board of directors, the nature and conduct of the annual general meeting etc. etc. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1896. Jahresbericht für 1895 vorgelegt in der siebten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 17 September 1896. [Annual report for 1895 presented at the seventh annual general meeting on 17 September 1896]. Hamburg: W. Gente. A drought in the Gilbert Islands reduced the copra production there. The western Carolines were visited by typhoons in January and June 1895 also leading to substantial losses in the copra production. Financial losses were incurred by the mismanagement (malfeasance?) of two traders in the Carolines who were eventually sacked by the Jaluit Gesellschaft. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 6,000, which were paid into the reserve fund. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser. Board members: H. Robertson, H. E. Bense, C. Godeffroy, C. Scharf, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1897. Jahresbericht für 1896 vorgelegt in der achten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 31. Juli 1897. [Annual report for 1896 presented at the eighth annual general meeting on 31 July 1897]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The company made a modest profit as the prices for copra were depressed in the European markets. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 66,703.97, of which RMk 60,000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders. Directors: F. Hernsheim & L. Müller. Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf Otto Thiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1898. Jahresbericht für 1897 vorgelegt in der ordentlichen neunten Generalversammlung am 30. Juni 1898. [Annual report for 1897 presented at the ninth annual general meeting on 30 June 1898]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The Jaluit Gesellschaft shed some of her trading stations in the Carolines to the competition because the administration of these outer reaches could not be managed easily. Several schooners were fitted with auxiliary engines to allow a more regular communication (in view of the prevalent calms in the area). At the time the report was written it was unclear whether the Spanish-American war and the events in the Philippines would influence the trade in the Carolines. The only major disruption at the time was the termination of the mail service to and via Manila. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 127,356. 85, of which RMk 72,000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders and RMk 43,272 to the reserves. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser. Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1899. Jahresbericht für 1898 vorgelegt in der ordentlichen zehnten Generalversammlung am 27. Juni 1899. [Annual report for 1898 presented at the tenth annual general meeting on 27 June 1899]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The trading stations performed well in the past financial year with the exception of some of the Carolines where the disruption of the mail service was of concern as were uprisings by some of the islanders following the collapse of the Spanish authority. The British competition is increasing, attempting to divert some of the trade to Australia. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 232,280.21, of which RMk 120,000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders and RMk 89, 632 to the reserves. At the end of the financial year the total reserves were RMk 225,310.55. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser.Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1900. Jahresbericht für 1899 vorgelegt in der ordentlichen elften Generalversammlung am 25. September 1900. [Annual report for 1899 presented at the eleventh annual general meeting on 25 September 1900]. Hamburg: Gente. During this year the company faced stiff competition and the number of available vessels proved insufficient. A new vessel was ordered, also to be fitted with an auxiliary engine. Now that the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas are in German hands, the Jaluit Gesellschaft anticipates an expansion into those areas. A steamship connection operated by the Norddeutscher Lloyd is already in operation. The proposal by the Jaluit Gesellschaft to operate a mail steamer running the route Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap, Palau, HongKong was approved. A steamer has been purchased and shall be christened Oceana. RMk 144,000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders, RMk 20,000 were placed into a special write-off account and RMk 43,636 to the reserves. At the end of the financial year the total reserves were RMk 280,450. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser (L. Müller). Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1901. Jahresbericht für 1900 vorgelegt in der zwölften ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 15. Juni 1901. [Annual report for 1900 presented at the twelfth annual general meeting on 15 June 1901]. Hamburg: Gente. All island groups suffered from a drought which reduced the copra production. The phosphate (guano) finds on Nauru are reported, as are the negotiations with a British company having the rights to the phosphate deposits on Ocean I. The formation of a joint company (Pacific Phosphate Co.) to jointly exploit both deposits is suggested. RMk 48,000 were paid as ordinary dividend, and RMk 96,000 as super dividend to the shareholders. At the end of the financial year the total reserves were RMk 303,000. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser (L. Müller). Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1902. Jahresbericht für 1901 vorgelegt in der dreizehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 15. Juli 1902. [Annual report for 1901 presented at the thirteenth annual general meeting on 15 July 1902]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The copra plantations in the Marshalls were extended. In addition, the new system to advance credits to Marshallese if they plant new copra plantations has borne fruit. The new German language school in Jaluit is commented on favourably. A contract has been signed with the German government to develop the Eastern Caroline Atolls. The Jaluit Gesellschaft acquired British trading interests in the Marshalls and the Eastern Carolines (Henderson & Macfarlane). RMk 48,000 were paid as ordinary dividend, and RMk 96,000 as super dividend to the shareholders. At the end of the financial year the total reserves were RMk 349,000. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser. Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. Jahresbericht für 1902 vorgelegt in der vierzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 29. Mai 1903. [Annual report for 1902 presented at the fourteenth annual general meeting on 29 May 1903]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The Jaluit Gesellschaft now own a postal steamer, four schooners with auxiliary engines as well as a normal schooner. The postal steamer route has been amended to include Saipan. The Jaluit Gesellschaft intends to send a scientific mission to the Carolines to assess the potential of some islands for tropical agriculture. The trade in weapons has now been forbidden in the Carolines (previously mainly conducted by Japanese trading vessels as well as American whalers) which has made the region more peaceful. The presence of the German navy has also contributed to this. RMk 48,000 were paid as ordinary dividend, and RMk 96,000 as super dividend to the shareholders. At the end of the financial year the total reserves including special reserve funds were RMk 600,000. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser. Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf Otto Thiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1904. Jahresbericht für 1903 vorgelegt in der fünfzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 23. April 1904. [Annual report for 1903 presented at the fifteenth annual general meeting on 23 April 1904]. Hamburg: W. Gente. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1906. Jahresbericht für 1905 vorgelegt in der siebzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 4. Mai 1906. [Annual report for 1905 presented at the seventeenth annual general meeting on 4 May 1906]. Hamburg: W. Gente. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1907. Jahresbericht für 1906 vorgelegt in der achtzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 31. März 1907. [Annual report for 1906 presented at the eighteenth annual general meeting on 31 March 1907]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1908. Jahresbericht für 1907 vorgelegt in der neunzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 26. Juni 1908. [Annual report for 1907 presented at the nineteenth annual general meeting on 26 June 1908]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1909. Jahresbericht für 1908 vorgelegt in der zwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 26. Mai 1909. [Annual report for 1908 presented at the twentieth annual general meeting on 26 May 1909]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1910. Jahresbericht für 1909 vorgelegt in der einundzwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 10. Juni 1910. [Annual report for 1909 presented at the twenty-first annual general meeting on 10 June 1910]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1911. Jahresbericht für 1910 vorgelegt in der zweiundzwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 30. Mai 1911. [Annual report for 1910 presented at the twenty-second annual general meeting on 30 May 1911]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1911. Revidiertes Statut der Jaluit Gesellschaft gemäss Beschluss der General Versammlung von 21. Juli 1911. [Revised statute of the Jaluit Company according to a resolution of the General Meeting of 21 July 1911]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1912. Jahresbericht für 1911 vorgelegt in der dreiundzwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 10 Juni 1912. [Annual report for 1911 presented at the twenty-third annual general meeting on 10 June 1912]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1912. Revidiertes Statut der Jaluit Gesellschaft gemäss Beschluss der General Versammlung von 10. Juni 1912. [Revised statute of the Jaluit Company according to a resolution of the General Meeting of 10 June 1912]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1913. Jahresbericht für 1912 vorgelegt in der vierundzwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 25. Juni 1913. [Annual report for 1912 presented at the twenty-fourth annual general meeting on 25 June 1913]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. . | |
| Krauß, Emil. 1920. "Jaluit Gesellschaft." [The Jaluit Gesellschaft]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 122-123. Encyclopedia entry on the history and economic status of the Jaluit Gesellschaft. | |
| Krieger, M. 1899. "Die Marshall Inseln und der Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft 1898. Teil I." [The Marshall Islands and the annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft 1898 Pt 1]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 12, no. 22, p. 192. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Krieger, M. 1899. "Die Marshall Inseln und der Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft 1898. Teil II." [The Marshall Islands and the annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft 1898 Pt 2]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 12, no. 23, pp. 196-197. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance. | |
| Mensch, Franz and Hellmann, Julius. 1907. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." von der Heydts Kolonial-Handbuch. Jahrbuch der deutschen Kolonial- und übersee-Unternehmungen. volume 1. Berlin und Leipzig: Verlag für Börsen- und Finanzliteratur AG. Pp. 121-122. A directory of all German companies with major overseas trading interests. Contains an entry on the Jaluit Gesellschaft, setting out trading interests, names of directors, financial status, levels of dividends paid. | |
| Mensch, Franz and Hellmann, Julius. 1908. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." von der Heydts Kolonial-Handbuch. Jahrbuch der deutschen Kolonial- und übersee-Unternehmungen. volume 2. Berlin und Leipzig: Verlag für Börsen- und Finanzliteratur AG. Pp. 137-139. A directory of all German companies with major overseas trading interests. Contains an entry on the Jaluit Gesellschaft, setting out trading interests, names of directors, financial status, levels of dividends paid. | |
| Mensch, Franz and Hellmann, Julius. 1909. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." von der Heydts Kolonial-Handbuch. Jahrbuch der deutschen Kolonial- und übersee-Unternehmungen. volume 3. Berlin und Leipzig: Verlag für Börsen- und Finanzliteratur AG. Pp. 147-148. A directory of all German companies with major overseas trading interests. Contains an entry on the Jaluit Gesellschaft, setting out trading interests, names of directors, financial status, levels of dividends paid. | |
| Mensch, Franz and Hellmann, Julius. 1910. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft." von der Heydts Kolonial-Handbuch. Jahrbuch der deutschen Kolonial- und übersee-Unternehmungen. volume 4. Berlin und Leipzig: Verlag für Börsen- und Finanzliteratur AG. Pp. 172-174. A directory of all German companies with major overseas trading interests. Contains an entry on the Jaluit Gesellschaft, setting out trading interests, names of directors, financial status, levels of dividends paid. | |
| Treue, Wolfgang. 1940. "Der Erwerb und die Verwaltung der Marshall Inseln. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Jaluit Gesellschaft." [The acquisition and administration of the Marshall Islands. A contribution to the history of the Jaluit Company]. Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Dissertation. Berlin. Dissertation assessing the role of the Jaluit Gesellschaft in the formation, administration and exploitation of the German colony of the Marshalls. The thesis could draw on archival material which was subsequently destroyed during World War II. In depth discussion of the development of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and the negotiations with the German Government to run the Marshalls through a concession company rather than through direct administration. The role of import taxes and levies on the trading competition are discussed as is the fate of the Jaluit Gesellschaft following the restructuring of the administration after 1906. The publication of the PhD was forbidden by German Foreign Affairs at the time as it was seen as endangering the collaboration between the Axis powers Germany and Japan. Only a small section on Nauru could be published. | |
| Veritas. 1891. "Die Unterbilanz der Deutschen Jaluit-Gesellschaft." [The underlying result of the Deutsche Jaluit-Gesellschaft]. Export1891. A summary assessment of the first year of operations of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft. Comments that the trade in the Marshalls is restricted to copra, but that the golden days of the copra trade are over. In 1891 the copra was worth £9 a ton in Europe. The vessels of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft, chartered in Hamburg, are sent on a ten- to fifteen-months voyage. The article summaries the nature of the bulk copra transport, mentioning that copra can be easily transported and does not easily rot or become mouldy. Occasionally the cargo needs to be mixed and aired. Some loss occurs due to cockroaches and copra beetles. The author recommends catching a fair number of these beetles en route, preserving them in alcohol and selling them as a by-product to beetle collectors in Europe. The Jaluit Gesellschaft is mildly accused of inappropriate business acumen when the annual report of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft reports that many stores were out of stock. The British and American competitors seem to make a profit, mainly trading in German goods. Crawford & Co (San Francisco) also lost money in the Marshalls, exacerbated by the loss of two trading vessels during 1890 (bringing to a total of seven the number of vessels lost by that company in the Marshalls trade). Likewise, the trade of a New Zealand Company (presumably Henderson & MacFarlane) also suffered. That company tried to sell an old schooner to a Marshallese chief, but the sale fell through when the purchaser realised that the newly white-washed vessel was no longer worth any real money. The Imperial regulations promulgated by the Kommissar Dr. Knappe are mentioned which stipulated that Marshallese were no longer permitted to buy any trade goods on credit (and where all old credits were declared null and void). Several Marshallese were apparently uneasy about this regulation as it suggested that they, as a rule, might be deemed delinquent repayers of loans. The writer recommends that the soon to be established Deutsche-Australische Bank (German Australian Bank) should extend its range of business to Micronesia. The annual salary of the Imperial Commissar paid by the Jaluit Gesellschaft was RMk 15, 000, while the salary for the Secretary was RMk 4, 800. | |
Labour Relations . |
| Anon. 1912. "Handwerkerausbildung von Eingeborenen in Neuguinea." [Training of manual labourers among indigenous peoples of New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 33, pp. 573-574. Brief item on the training of trades people in German New Guinea. The numbers of trained craftsmen is too limited. A trade school is proposed, to commence with six Pohnpeians and seven Yapese as pupils. [The school established on Saipan is not mentioned in the item].
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| Thilenius, Georg. 1900. "Die Arbeiterfrage in der Südsee." [The issue of labour in the South Seas]. Globus 77, no. 5, pp. 69-72. Item discussing the shortage of unskilled labour in the Pacific and the need to import Chinese workers to conduct work that Pacific Islanders were not prepared to do. Also, the author highlights the problems of hiring mixed labour from various island groups and communities, which would lead to conflict based on traditional rivalries. The various implications of labour provision on traditional economies are discussed. | |
| Winkler, C. 1912. "Die Arbeiterfrage in den Kolonien." [The issue of local labour in the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 29, pp. 503-504. A discussion of the nature of the local communities in the colonies and their suitability as a labour force for German plantations.
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Tropical Agriculture and Produce . |
| Anon. 1904. "Aus der Südsee. Marianen." [From the South Seas. Marianas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 18, no. 15, p. 640. Item on the arrival of R. Dachsel as the second German settler on Saipan. Gives a brief run-down on the produce derived from farming on Saipan.
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| Anon. 1911. "Westkarolinen, Palau, Marianen. Plantagen Statistik für 1910-11." [Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas. Plantation statistics for 1910-11]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 3, no. 21, p. 229. Overview statistics showing the area under cultivation for various crops.
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| Costenoble, Hermann H. L. W. 1908. "Einige Bemerkungen über Kulturmethoden und Betriebsformen der tropischen Landwirtschaft." [Some comments on methods of cultivation and options of management of tropical agriculture]. Der Tropenpflanzer 12, no. 8, p. 372-384. The author responds to a call to share information of experiences made in other colonies to avoid duplication of effort. Comments on his practical experiences in Guam and the Marianas, with detailed discussion on the agricultural significance of soil and soil invertebrates. A discussion of fertilisation techniques is included. No specific reference to the Marianas with an exception of a description of his stables on Guam. A good overview of the intricacies of tropical agriculture from a practitioner's point of view.
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| Deeken, Richard. 1914. Die Landwirtschaft in den deutschen Kolonien. [The agriculture in the German Colonies]. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Overview of the nature and extent of tropical agriculture in the German colonies. A brief chapter on New Guinea and the Islands Territory mainly concentrates on German New Guinea. Good example of the peripheral treatment of Micronesia and the Marianas in particular in the mid 1910s.
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| Höfer, Herrmann. 1906. "Nochmals die Camatchil-Rinde aus Saipan." [Further to the Kamatchili bark from Saipan]. Der Tropenpflanzer 10, p. 538. Brief rejoinder from Höfer on his intended use as a tanning agent of the sample of Camatchil bark sent for analysis to Berlin. He argues that the tree could be cultivated profitably in German South-west Africa.
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| Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee. 1910. Unsere Kolonialwirtschaft in ihrer Bedeutung für Industrie, Handel und Landwirtschaft. [Our colonial economy and its significance of industry, commerce and agriculture]. Berlin: Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee. General discussion of the importance of the colonies as a source of raw materials and as a destination for manufactured goods. The discussion is generic and treats the subject by commodity rather than colony. .
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| Paeßler, Johannes. 1905. "Bericht über die Untersuchung und Prüfung der Camaschilrinde auf ihre Verwendbarkeit als Gerbmaterial." [Report on an examination and test of the Kamatchili bark and its suitability as tanning agent]. Der Tropenpflanzer 9, no. 9, pp. 531-533. Various samples of Kamatchili (Pithecollobium ducle) bark (old, new, from stem and from branches) from Saipan were tested for suitability as tanning agents. Both chemical and practical analyses were carried out. The paper concludes that while the bark has a reasonable percentage of tanning agents (28%), cartage costs from the colonies would make it too expensive.
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| Paeßler, Johannes. 1905. "über Kamatschilrinde." [On the bark of the Camatischil]. Deutsche Gerberzeitung 48, no. 135; no. 136; no. 139, pp. 10-21 (reprint). Report on the suitability tests of a sample of Kamatchili bark from Saipan as a tanning agent. While the quality was deemed satisfactory, the commercial viability was questioned.
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| Prowazek, Stanislaus von. 1911. "Gutachten des Bakteriologen Dr. von Prowazeck über das Saipan Rind." [Report by the bacteriologist Dr. von Prowazek on the Saipan cattle]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea 3, no. 15, p. 168. Report on a bacteriological investigation of the Saipan cattle, which seem to be dying of a parasitic disease (Texas fever). The blood tests brought no results. He warns of the uncontrolled introduction of livestock from China, the Philippines or Japan.
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| Sadebeck, R. 1899. Die Kulturgewächse der deutschen Kolonien und ihre Erzeugnisse. [The cultivated plants of the German colonies and their products]. Jena: Gustav Fischer. Treatise on various commercially important plants as seen from an agriculturists point of view. .
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| Seidel, A. 1905. Die Aussichten des Plantagenbaues in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. [The prospects of plantation agriculture in the German protectorates]. Wismar: Hinstorffsche Hofbuchhandlung Verlagskonto. Discussion of the economic potential of various cash crops against the background of the geography and climate of the regions. For German New Guinea, coconuts are seen as the backbone of the economy, with expectations of profits from cocoa, vanilla and possibly sugar cane.
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| Warnack, Dr. 1914. Unsere Kolonialwirtschaft in ihrer Bedeutung für Industrie, Handel und Landwirtschaft. [Our colonial economy and its significance for industry, commerce and agriculture]. Berlin: Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee. General discussion of the importance of the colonies as a source of raw materials and as a destination for manufactured goods. The discussion is generic and treats the subject by commodity rather than colony. .
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| Westermann, Diedrich. 1909. Die Nutzpflanzen unserer Kolonien und ihre wirtschaftliche Bedeutung für das Mutterland. [The commercial plants of our colonies and their economic importance for the motherland]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Treatise on various commercially important plants. Includes statistics on imports. .
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Communications & Shipping . |
| Anon. 1890. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 1, no. 1, p. 10. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.
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| Anon. 1894. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 5, no. 3, p. 383. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.
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| Anon. 1894. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 5, no. 7, p. 642. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times. Lists a special departure of a Jaluit Gesellschaft ship to Micronesia.
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| Anon. 1895. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail connections]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, p. 191. Overview of the shipping connections between Jaluit and Pohnpei, using sailing vessels, and between Pohnpei and Manila (via Guam) using Spanish steamers. List of mailing dates is given.
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| Anon. 1895. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail connections]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, p. 390. Overview of the shipping connections between Jaluit and Germany.
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| Anon. 1895. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, p. 216. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.
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| Anon. 1900. "Austausch von Postfrachtstücken ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme zwischen Deutschland und Deutsch-Neuguinea und den Karolinen, Marianen und Palau-Inseln einerseits und Ägypten andererseits." [Exchange of postal freight items without value declarations and without cash-on-delivery between Germany the German New Guinea and the Carolines, Marianas and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 21, p. 840. Based on a treaty with the Egyptian government of 1 November, postal rates levied on postal freight items comprised the German domestic rate plus a RM 3.60 surcharge.
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| Anon. 1900. "Austausch von Postpaketen ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme zwischen den Deutschland und den Schutzgebieten der Karolinen, Marianen und Palau-Inseln." [Exchange of parcels without value declarations and without cash-on-delivery between Germany and the the protectorates of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 840-841. New tariff allows for domestic rates to the port of shipment (Bremen or Hamburg) and from there an overseas charge of RMk 3.60 for deliverey to the South Seas Protectorates.
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| Anon. 1900. "Austausch von Postpaketen ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme zwischen Deutschland und den Karolinen, Marianen und Palau-Inseln." [Exchange of parcels without value declarations and without cash-on-delivery between Germany and the Carolines, Marianas and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 16, pp. 651-652. Packages up to 5kg can be sent, mail routed via Bremen, Hamburg or Munich (to Naples). The Marianas mail is shipped by the mail steamer HongKong to Sydney, while the mail to Pohnpei and Yap will be shipped as opportunities arise. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Briefkastenschlüsse von der Bahnpost München-Kufstein nach den Südsee-Schutzgebieten." [Mail box closures of the rail post office München-Kufstein to the South Seas Protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 21, p. 841. Timetable for the closure of mail to Saipan, directed via Munich and Naples. Times are given for shipment via Sydney and via HongKong, depending on the run of the Norddeutscher Lloyd mail steamer. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Eröffnung von Postanstalten in Ponape, Yap und Saipan." [Opening of postal facilities in Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, p. 122. Brief item stating that subsequent to the take over of the administration of Spanish Micronesia by Germany post offices had been opened on Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Fahrplan der Reichspostdampfer-Linien des Norddeutschen Lloyd, Bremen." [Timetable of the Imperial Mail Steamer Lines of the North German Lloyd, Bremen]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 13, pp. 480-481. Time table: two stop overs each direction at Saipan. Planned stops at Saipan were to occur en route from HongKong to Sydney via Pohnpei, New Guinea (3 stops) and Brisbane: 18 September 1900, 6 December 1900, 28 February 1901, 23 May 1901. En route from Sydney to HongKong: 22 August 1900, 14 November 1900, 6 February 1901, 1 May 1901, and 24 July 1901.
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| Anon. 1900. "Karolinen." [The Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 22, p. 244. Brief item discussing the commencement of the Norddeutscher Lloyd Shipping service connecting the East Asia line with a branch line running from HongKong via the Marianas and the Carolines to New Guinea. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Meistgewicht der Drucksachen im deutschen Kolonial- und im Marine-Briefverkehr." [Weight limitations of printed matter for German colonial and naval mail service]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 3, p. 122. Limits the application of the printed matter rate to parcels of 2 kgs. The rate for parcels between 1 and 2kg was set at 60Pfg. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Neuerungen im Postverkehr der Schutzgebiete." [Developments in the mail service to the protectorates]. Afrika-Post. Zeitschrift für deutsche Interessen in Afrika 13, no. 7, pp. 102-103. A summary of the new postal regulations and tariffs.
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| Anon. 1900. "Neuguinea." [New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, p. 485. News items on the fact that the postal services in New Guinea, the Islands Territory and the Marshall Islands had been extended. Henceforth postal parcels up to 5kgs could be sent and received without restriction, while postal freight (5-10kgs) could be sent as items without value as long as they were routed via Bremen or Hamburg, and had been/were to be carried on German vessels.
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| Anon. 1900. "Post-Dampfschiffs-Verbindung mit den deutschen Südsee-Schutzgebieten." [Mail steamer connections with the German South Seas Protectorates]. Archiv für Post und Telegraphie 13, pp. 541-543. During the Spanish administration the Carolines and the Marianas were in regular mail steamer connection (every two months) with Manila. This was terminated as a result of the Spanish-American war, and the mail service was upheld by sailing vessels. The German administration's plans to extend an existing Norddeutscher Lloyd service from HongKong to Sydney with additional stop-overs at Saipan and Pohnpei are outlined. This entailed a six-weekly service, which also would increase the mail service to German New Guinea. Yap, on the other hand would be reliant on a sailing connection to Pohnpei. The proposal of the Jaluit Gesellschaft to establish a heavily subsidised HongKong-Micronesia-Sydney route is also discussed.
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| Anon. 1900. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 2, p. 76. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. The mail to the Marshalls and the Carolines is routed via Sydney until further notice. No mention of any shipments to the Marianas.
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| Anon. 1900. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 3, p. 123. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. The mail to the Marshalls and the Carolines is routed via Sydney until further notice. The mail connection to Saipan was routed via Yokohama, provided by two schooners about three to four times a year.
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| Anon. 1900. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 9, p. 76. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times. Includes a commentary that from henceforth franking for Micronesian destinations has to use the (lower) rates used for the other German protectorates. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 9, p. 123. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times. Mentions that all mail to Saipan is to be directed via Yokohama. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 9, pp. 651-652. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Postverbindung mit Saipan über Yokohama." [Postal connections with Saipan via Yokohama]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 3, p. 123. The mail connection to Saipan was routed via Yokohama, provided by two schooners about three to four times a year. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Rundschau: Neuguinea." [Review: New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 42, p. 485. Parcel service to Micronesia announced. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa." [Overview: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 22, p. 244. Brief item on the commencement of the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping service to Saipan. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa." [Overview: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 33, p. 380. Brief item on the parcel service now available to the Islands Territory. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Schiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Shipping connections to the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 16, pp. 652-653. Mail to the Carolines and the Marianas could be sent on English vessels via Brindisi or on German vessels via Naples, departing on 16 and 19 September respectively. Estimated mail run time to Pohnpei was 51 days and to Saipan 56 days. | |
| Anon. 1901. "Austausch von Postpaketen ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme zwischen Deutsch-Neuguinea und den Karolinen, Marianen-, Palau-, und Marshall-Inseln einerseits und Ceylon andererseits." [Exchange of parcels without value declarations and without cash-on-delivery between German New Guinea and the Carolines, Marianas-, Palau-, and Marshall-Islands on the one hand, and Ceylon on the other]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 21, p. 793. Agreement to exchange parcels. Postage: Carolines: RMk 3; Marshalls, RMk 3, 40; Marianas RMk 3, 80. | |
| Anon. 1901. "Austausch von Postpaketen zwischen den Schutzgebieten der Karolinen-, Marianen und Palau-Inseln sowie der Marshall-Inseln und Ceylon." [Exchange of parcels between the protectorates of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau, as well as the Marshall Islands, and Ceylon]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, p. 793. Parcels can now be exchanged between the German Islands Territory and the post office at Colombo, Sri Lanka. This meant that British mail to German Micronesia could be sent on British ships to Colombo, and from there on German ships to Germany (Saipan excepted as its mail went via Yokohama). | |
| Anon. 1901. "Austausch von Postpaketen zwischen den Schutzgebieten der Karolinen-, Marianen und Palau-Inseln sowie der Marshall-Inseln und dem indischen Postamt in Aden." [Exchange of parcels between the protectorates of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau, as well as the Marshall Islands, and the Indian postal service in Aden]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 5, p. 162. Mentions that an agreement had been reached regarding the exchange of postal parcels between the German Islands Territory and and the (British) Indian Post office at Aden. This meant that British mail to German Micronesia could be sent on British ships to Aden, and from there on German ships to Micronesia (Saipan excepted as its mail went via Yokohama). | |
| Anon. 1901. "Fahrplan des Reichspostdampfer 'Oceana' zwischen Sydney, und den Marshall-, Karolinen- und Palau Inseln." [Timetable of the Imperial postal steamer 'Oceana' between Sydney, and the Marshall-, Caroline- and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 4, p. 129. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. The steamer connects Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap with Rabaul and Singapore. The Marianas are not serviced.
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| Anon. 1901. Koloniales Handels- und Verkehrsbuch. [Colonial trade and communications handbook]. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial Verlag. Handbook on colonial trade listing all German post offices as well as the postal agents or postmasters. Includes a list of postal tariffs as well as a listing of German companies exporting to the colonies.
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| Anon. 1901. "Portotaxe für Pakete nach den Marianen." [Postal tariff for parcels sent to the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 11, p. 401. The onwards transport of parcels from Yokohama to the Marianas cost 1 Swiss Franc (80Pfg) surcharge according to international regulations. Thus parcels sent via Hamburg or Bremen cost RMk 2. 40 (up to 1kg) or RMk 3. 20 (up to 5kgs). Items sent via Austria or Bavaria for shipment at Naples cost RMk 3. 20 (up to 1 kg) or MK 4 (up to 5kgs).
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| Anon. 1901. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Kolonien." [Steamship connections with the German colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 5, pp. 162-164. The mail to the Marianas is routed to Yokohama, from where it is forwarded 8-10 times a years to Saipan, mail delivery time is not specified. Mail to Pohnpei 57 days, to Yap 69 days. | |
| Anon. 1901. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 3, p. 86. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.
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| Anon. 1901. "Vorläufige Einstellung des Postfrachtstückdienstes im Verkehr mit den Marianen." [Temporary cessation of the parcel service with the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 5, p. 162. Items heavier than 5 kg can no longer be transported because the direct shipping line to Saipan has been terminated and the Japanese postal service does not accept heavier items. | |
| Anon. 1902. "Mitteilungen der Auskunftsstelle (bzgl Zeitungen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten)." [Communication by the Information Bureau (on the newspapers in the German protectorates)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, p. 77. Brief item enumerating the newspapers published in the German protectorates (1 in German South-west Africa, 1 in German East Africa, 2 in Qingdao and 1 in Samoa). | |
| Anon. 1902. "Nächste Absendungsgelegenheit und Tarif für Postpakete nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The next opportunities and rates for mailing postal parcels to the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 50, p. 516. Table showing the rates, frequency and duration of parcel mail connections with the German colonies. Mentions that all mail to the Marianas is still sent via Jiazhou and Yokohama.
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| Anon. 1902. "übersicht der nächsten Postverbindungen." [Overview on the next mail connections]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 50, p. 516. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies. Mentions that all mail to the Marianas is still sent via Yokohama.
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| Anon. 1903. "Fahrplan des Postdampfers 'Oceana' zwischen Sydney, den Marshall-, Karolinen-, Palau-, und Marianen-Inseln und HongKong für das Jahr 1903." [Timetable of the postal steamer 'Oceana' between Sydney, the Marshall-, Caroline-, Palau- and Marianas-Islands and HongKong for the year 1903]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 1, p. 29. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. The first stop at Saipan was planned for the HongKong-Sydney run on 3-4 April 1903. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Die Jaluit-Gesellschaft wird mit ihrem Dampfer 'Oceana' vom März 1903, versuchsweise vorläufig, den Hafen von Saipan anlaufen, staff der Häfen Herbertshöhe und Matupi." [Starting March 1903 the Jaluit Company will make trial stops at Saipan with its steamer 'Oceana' instead of the harbours of Herbertshöhe and Matupi]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 1, p. 28. Brief item on the changed route and the inclusion of Saipan. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Mail steamer connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 4, p. 97. Timetable for mail to the German protectorates.
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| Anon. 1903. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Mail steamer connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 1, p. 29. Timetable for mail to the German protectorates.
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| Anon. 1903. "Postfrachtstückverkehr nach den Marianen." [Communication news. Postal parcel deliveries to and from the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 4, p. 97. Item mentioning that the postal parcel service has reopened, using Norddeutscher Lloyd steamers to Sydney and the Jaluit Gesellschaft steamer to Saipan. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Wiederaufnahme des Postfrachtstückverkehrs nach den Marianen, beförderung durch den Postdampfer 'Oceana', auch Postpakete werden auf diesem Wege befördert; Ermässigung der Taxen für Postpakete nach den Marianen und Marshall-Inseln." [Resumption of parcel post service to the Marianas; forwarding aboard the mail steamer 'Oceana'; parcels will also be forwarded by this means; reduction in costs for parcels sent to the Marianas and the Marshall-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 4, p. 97. The renewal of the German postal steamer run meant a reduction in postage by 80Pfg to the Marianas. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Abgehen der Post nach und Eintreffen der Post aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Departure and arrival of the mail from and to the German Protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, pp. 144-145. Summary of deadlines for the departure and arrival of mail.
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| Anon. 1904. "Absendungsgelegenheiten für Postpakete." [Dispatch opportunities for postal parcels]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 1, p. 8. Table showing the frequency and duration of postal parcel connections with the German colonies.
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| Anon. 1904. "Deutsch-Niederländische Telegraphen Gesellschaft." [German-Netherlands Telegraph Company]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 35, p. 350. Company founded to lay a cable, to be put in at Yap, to connect at Shanghai to the German Shanghai-Qingdao-Tschifu cable, the cable of the Nordic Telegraph Company and the cable of the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company, as well as at Guam to the American Transpacific cable. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Eintreffen der Posten aus den deutschen Schutzgbieten." [Arrival of the mails from the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 1, p. 8. Table showing the frequency and dates of mail sent from the German colonies.
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| Anon. 1904. "Fahrplan des Postdampfers 'Germania' zwischen HongKong, den Marianen-, Karolinen-, Marshall-Inseln und Sydney." [Timetable of the postal steamer 'Germania' between HongKong, the Mariana-, Caroline-, Marshall Islands and Sydney]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, no. 23, pp. 716-717. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Mitteilung daß die Kaiserlichen Postagenturen in Ponape, Yap, Saipan und Jaluit von jetzt ab Postpakete ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme bis 5kg für Italien in unmittelbare Paketposten auf das Postamt Neapel abzuweisen haben." [Notice that the Imperial post offices in Pohnpei, Yap, Saipan and Jaluit are from now on authorised to send parcels without value and parcels without cash-on-delivery up to 5kg directly to Italy at the Naples post office]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, no. 1, p. 24. Postage RMk 2. 60. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Neuer Postdampfer." [New steamer for mail service]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 39, p. 391. The Jaluit Company's 'Germania' built at Kiel at the Germania dockyard has undergone its first sea trials. The vessel is to serve the Sydney-HongKong run. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Postal mail steamer connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 102-103. Timetable for mail to the German protectorates.
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| Anon. 1904. "Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Postal mail steamer connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, no. 1, p. 24. Timetable for mail to the German protectorates.
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| Anon. 1904. "Postpakete via Italien." [Parcels via Italy]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, no. 1, p. 24. Item on a directive that postal parcels from German Micronesia have to be routed on German ships (Jaluit Line to Sydney or HongKong, and from there with the Norddeutscher Lloyd) to Italy, and from there by rail to Germany. The new rates are RMk 2. 60 for parcels up to 5kg (to Italy). . | |
| Anon. 1904. "Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1. Vierteljahr 1904." [Mail connections to the German protectorates for the first quarter of 1904]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 1, p. 8. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies.
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| Anon. 1904. "Probefahrt des neuerbauten Dampfers 'Germania' der Jaluit-Gesellschaft." [Sea trials of the newly built steamer 'Germania' of the Jaluit Gesellschaft]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 594. Description of the 'Germania', the new steamer to serve the Sydney-HongKong route operated by the Jaluit Gesellschaft. The ship was built as a replacement for the stranded 'Oceana'.
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| Anon. 1904. "Unfall der Postdampfers Oceana." [Accident of the postal steamer Oceana]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 145. The Jaluit-Gesellschaft vessel 'Oceana' had an accident in Jaluit and is undergoing repairs in Sydney. The mail run from Sydney to Jaluit will be made by the sailing vessel 'Leto', but the Jaluit to HongKong run will have to be cancelled. The mail to Saipan will be redirected to HongKong where a replacement vessel is likely to pick up the run. . | |
| Anon. 1904. "Verkehrs-Nachrichten." [Communications News]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 177. Item on the replacement of the damaged 'Oceana' by the chartered steamer 'Medan' commencing 1 April and starting in HongKong.
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| Anon. 1905. "Aus der Südsee. Erstes Kabel der deutschen Besitzungen der Südsee." [From the South Seas. First cable of the German possessions in the South Seas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 19, no. 29, pp. 125-126. Report on the completion of a cable link between Yap and Menado (on Celebes). The Yap station and the construction method are described.
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| Anon. 1905. "Deutsche Kabel im Stillen Ozean." [German cables in the Pacific Ocean]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, no. 51, pp. 530-532. Description of the background and negotiations leading up to the German-Dutch Pacific cables as well as the technological requirements for the laying of the cables.
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| Anon. 1905. "Kabelstation Jap." [Cable station of Yap]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, no. 19, p. 186. Item on the opening of the cable station on Yap on 28 April 1905 with the connection to Menado on Celebes and the connection to Guam. The item comments that German telegraphy has now become independent of the British cable network. The trans-Siberian cable had been blocked for private traffic since the outbreak of the Russian-Japanese war. The new connection now allows for independent traffic.
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| Anon. 1905. "Kein deutsches Pacifickabel." [No German Pacific cable]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, no. 33, p. 354. Item stating that plans for a German cable from Herbertshöhe to Port Moresby and then to Cooktown in QLD have been dashed by the Australian government.
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| Anon. 1905. "Nachnahmedienst für Postpakete und Postfrachtstücke." [Cash on delivery for postal parcels and postal freight items]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 587. Effective October 1905 a cash-on-delivery service will be established between Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan and the German Empire. Parcels and postal freight up to 10kgs were permitted.
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| Anon. 1905. "Postanweisungsdienst." [Postal Money orders]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 462. Brief item on the introduction of postal money orders to and from Saipan, effective 1 September 1905.
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| Anon. 1905. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach dem deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 587. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.
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| Anon. 1905. "Postpaketdienst zwischen Australien und Mikronesien." [Postal Parcel Service between Australia and Micronesia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 513. Brief item on the establishment of a postal parcel service between Australia and Micronesia. The tariff was set at 2/8 for the first pound and 3d thereafter for each additional pound up to a maximum weight of 1 pounds.
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| Anon. 1905. "Telegraphische Verbindung mit den Karolinen und Marianen." [Telegraphic connections with the Carolines and the Marianas]. Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik 27, p. 45. Item on the founding of the Deutsch-Niederländische Telegraphengesellschaft, which had set as its aim to lay and operate a cable between Menado on Celebes to Yap, Guam and onwards to Shanghai. Both the Dutch and the German governments are reported as subsidising the venture.
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| Anon. 1905. "Vollendung des Kabels Shanghai-Jap." [Completetion of the cable Shanghai-Yap]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 647. Brief item on the completion of the Shangahi-Yap branchline of the cable, thus completing the Menado-Guam-Yap-Shanghai cable connnection. . | |
| Anon. 1905. "Zulassung von Nachnahmen bis 800 Mark-Betrag im Verkehr zwischen Deutschland und den Postanstalten Ponape, Jap (Karolinen) und Saipan (Marianen)." [Authorisation for packages cash-on-delivery to a value of 800 marks to be delivered to the postal agencies of Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 18, p. 587. Post parcels up to 10kg weight can be sent COD. | |
| Anon. 1906. "Postanweisungsdienst mit Australien." [Postal Money orders with Australia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 561. Brief item on the introduction of postal money orders between German New Guinea and the Commonwealth of Australia effective 1 March 1906 (Australia) and 1 July 1906 (Germany).
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| Anon. 1906. "Die Reichspost in den deutschen Schutzgebieten und im Auslande." [The German Imperial Mail Service in the German protectorates and abroad]. Deutsche Marine-Zeitung 13, no. 46 (Supplement), p. 1. An overview of the state of the German mail services. Lists the mail steamer lines and the post offices as well as the nature of the post office staff (government officers or local employees). In German Micronesia all mail is handled by German nationals, hired locally.
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| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 2, p. 93-95. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Februar 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of February 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 4, p. 188-191. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 6, p. 271-273. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat April 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of April 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 7, p. 324-326. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 9, p. 422-425. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 11, p. 543-545. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 13, p. 649-651. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat August 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of August 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 15, p. 784-786. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat September 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of September 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 17, p. 876-878. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 19, p. 974-977. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 21, p. 1076-1079. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Dezember 1907." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of December 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 23, p. 1173-1175. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postanweisungen und Postpaket-Nachnahmedienst." [Communications News. Money orders and Cash-on-delivery postal parcels]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, p. 43. Notice that the post office on Nauru is now authorised to accept and deliver cash-on-delivery post parcels and postal freight as well as postal money orders.
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| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 2, p. 95-98. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Februar 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of February 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 4, p. 202-204. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 6, p. 314-317. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat April 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of April 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 8, p. 402-405. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 10, p. 504-507. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 12, p. 611-614. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 13, p. 652-655. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat August 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of August 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 15, p. 766-769. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat September 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of September 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 17, p. 877-879. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 19, p. 984-987. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 21, p. 1080-1083. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Dezember 1908." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of December 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 23, p. 1191-1193. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1908. "Verbindung des Gouvenmentssitzes mit dem östlichen Teil des Verwaltungsbezirks der Karolinen, Marianen usw., durch Anlaufen des Postdampfers 'Germania' der Jaluit Gesellschaft von Simpsonhafen." [Communications News. Connection of the Governor's headquarters with the eastern part of the administrative district of the Carolines, Marianas etc, by means of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft postal steamer 'Germania' from Simpsonhafen]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, p. 1255. Notice on the altered route of the Germania. Commencing 1909 the route will include Simpsonhafen to ensure a regular contact between the seat of the Governor in German New Guinea and the eastern district (Pohnpei and Jaluit).
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| Anon. 1909. "Aus der deutschen Südsee." [From the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 18, p. 305. Information on the 'Condor' and the relocation of the Ulithi people. Comments on the unreliability of the current German communications system in the South Seas, as a vessel with mail for the Condor had been lost.
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| Anon. 1909. "Die Bedeutung des Norddeutschen Lloyd für die deutschen Kolonien in der Südsee." [The significance of the North German Lloyd for the German colonies in the South Seas]. Süsserott's Illustrierter Kolonial-Kalender 1909. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. 199-201. Item highlighting the role of the Norddeutscher Lloyd mail steamer connections for German New Guinea and the expenditure invested in harbour infrastructure.
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| Anon. 1909. "Funkspruch-Verbindungen in der Südsee." [Wireless communications in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, pp. 289-290. Item discussing that the current system of telegraphic and other communications (a single station on Yap) was insufficient for the administration in New Guinea, but particularly bad for the eastern Carolines and the Marshall Islands, which had only six shipping connections per year. Discusses the options of setting up a wireless network.
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| Anon. 1909. "Postanweisungen und Postpakete nach Nauru." [Communications News. Postal money order and postal parcels to Nauru]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, p. 659. Notice that the German postal agency on Nauru was now authorised to accept and deliver postal money orders as well as postal parcels and postal freight items up to 10kg. The money orders were introduced to service the needs of the Chinese workers in the phosphate mines.
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| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 1, p. 44-46. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Februar 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of February 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 3, p. 135-138. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 5, p. 236-238. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat April 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of April 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 7, p. 356-358. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 9, p. 472-474. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 11, p. 562-564. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 13, p. 660-662. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat August 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of August 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 15, p. 762-764. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat September 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of September 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 17, p. 849-852. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 19, p. 930-932. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 21, p. 1030-1032. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Dezember 1909." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of December 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 23, p. 1115-1118. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1909. "Schiffbrüchige Ponapeleute in China." [Castaway Pohnpeians in China]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, p. 619. News item describing the arrival of castway Pohnpeian fishermen off Shanghai and their subsequent repatriation.
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| Anon. 1909. "Wertbriefdienst mit Deutsch Neu Guinea." [Communications News. Insured mail]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, p. 645. Notice that German New Guinea (and the Islands Territory) had been included in the international agreements regarding registered letters with an insured content of value.
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| Anon. 1910. "Brief-Nachnahmedienst." [Communications News. Cash-on-delivery mail]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 367. Notice that all post offices in the Islands Territory (Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap, Saipan, Jaluit and Nauru) are now authorised to accept and deliver cash-on-delivery letters. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Deutsch-Neuguinea. Verschlagene Karoliner." [German New Guinea. Castaway Carolinians]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 9, p. 389. A group of canoes had left typhoon-stricken Ifaluk in search of food on Lamutrek. On the return voyage, the canoes were separated in a storm and one of them drifted to Shanghai (China). News item describing the arrival of castway Pohnpeian fishermen off Shanghai and their subsequent repatriation.
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| Anon. 1910. "Drahtlose Verbindung mit der deutschen Südsee." [Wireless communication with the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 22, p. 362. Item on the establishment of a wireless connection between Angaur and Yap.
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| Anon. 1910. "Irrfahrten von Südsee-Insulanern." [Odysseys of South Sea Islanders]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 21, p. 343. A group of canoes had left Lamutrek. On the voyage, the canoes were separated in a storm and one of them drifted to Shanghai (China). The item includes some general comments on traditional voyaging and the ability to obtain food while at sea. . | |
| Anon. 1910. "Neue Fahrpläne der Reichspostdampfer in der Südsee." [New schedules for imperial steamers in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 50, p. 846. Notice that as of 1911 the Jaluit Gesellschaft steamer will no longer touch on the British colonies in Micronesia. This will reduce the run of the steamer, allowing a sixteen-week turn over, as opposed to a twenty-week one. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 1, p. 34-37. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Februar 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of February 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 3, p. 111-113. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 5, p. 203-205. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat April 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of April 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 7, p. 304-306. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 9, p. 404-406. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 11, p. 486-488. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 13, p. 582-584. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 14, p. 641-644. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat August 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of August 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 15, p. 710-713. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat September 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of September 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 17, p. 783-785. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 19, p. 842-845. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 21, p. 873-876. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Dezember 1910." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of December 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 23, p. 954-956. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Brief-nachnahme dienst." [Cash-on-delivery service for letters]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 9, p. 367. Notice that the post offices of Palau, Angaur, Saipan, Yap, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Jaluit and Nauru are permitted to accept mail with COD provisions.
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| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 1, p. 71-73. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Februar 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of February 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 3, p. 147-149. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 5, p. 260-263. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat April 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of April 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 7, p. 329-331. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 9, p. 402-404. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 11, p. 471-473. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 13, pp. 537-539. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat August 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of August 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 15, p. 607-609. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat September 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of September 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 17, p. 676-679. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 19, p. 776-779. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 21, p. 862-865. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Dezember 1911." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of December 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 23, p. 998-1001. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1911. "Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 3. Vierteljahr 1911." [Postal connections with the German protectorates in the third quarter of 1911]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 26, p. 445. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies.
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| Anon. 11. "Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten, Gebühren für Briefsendungen, Postanweisungen, Telegramme und Pakete." [Mail connections with the German protectorates, and tariffs for mail, money orders, telegrams and parcels]. Süsserott's Illustrierter Kolonial-Kalender 1911. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Pp. 160-168. Schedule of mail tariffs for each of the protectorates. The nature of the mail connections is also given.
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| Anon. 1911. "Verkehrsverbesserungen in der Südsee." [Transportation improvements in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 7, p. 111. Brief item on the improved service by the 'Germania', now running at 16 week (instead of 20 week) intervals. This could be achieved by dropping the stop overs in Kiribati from the route. Alterations to the Sydney-Yap-HongKong route of the Norddeutscher Lloyd are also mentioned (additions of Brisbane and Kobe).
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| Anon. 1912. "Post und Telegraphie in den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1906 bis 1911." [Post and Telegraphy in the German protectorates 1906 to 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 2, pp. 44-50. Overview on the developments in and the state of the postal and telegraphic service in the German protectorates from 1906 to 1911. Post offices exist on Jaluit, Nauru, Yap, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Saipan, Angaur and Palau. All offices, with the exception of Angaur (staffed by Südsee-Phosphat AG personnel) are staffed by government officers drawn from the local administration. Postal connections are with the Jaluit Gesellschaft steamer Germania connecting to mail services in HongKong and Sydney. Jaluit is also connected with Sydney every two months via the Burns Philp steamers. The Marianas have additional connections to Yokohama using Japanese sailing vessels, while Angaur (every 8 weeks) and Yap (every 4 weeks) have connections via the Austral-Japan-Line of the Norddeutscher Lloyd to Sydney and HongKong. Yap is the cable node point of the Deutsch-Niederländischen Telegraphengesellschaft, connecting to Menado (on Celebes), Guam and Shanghai. Angaur and Yap are also connected by a wireless radio communications system owned by the Südsee-Phosphat AG.
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| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 1, p. 62-65. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Februar 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of February 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 3, p. 186-189. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, p. 241-246. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat April 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of April 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 7, p. 321-324. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 9, p. 425-428. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 11, p. 517-520. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 13, p. 631-634. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat August 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of August 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 15, p. 739-743. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat September 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of September 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 17, p. 882-885. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 20, p. 1026-1029. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 22, p. 1120-1123. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Dezember 1912." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of December 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 23, p. 1155-1158. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 2. Viertel 1912." [Postal services for the German protectorates, second quarter of 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 13, p. 212. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1912. "Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 4. Vierteljahr 1912." [Postal services for the German protectorates, second quarter of 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 38, p. 667. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies, including the dates for parcel mail.
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| Anon. 12. "Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten, Gebühren für Briefsendungen, Postanweisungen, Telegramme und Pakete." [Mail connections with the German protectorates, and tariffs for mail, money orders, telegrams and parcels]. Süsserott's Illustrierter Kolonial-Kalender 1912. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Pp. 209-217. Schedule of mail tariffs for each of the protectorates. The nature of the mail connections is also stated.
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| Anon. 1913. "Funkentelegraphische Weltpläne." [World plans for wireless telegraphy]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 34, pp. 562-564. Overview paper on projected telecommunications networks. Discusses the problems of connecting the German Pacific with the rest of the world. a map shows the current and proposed radio-communications-network.
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| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 1, p. 19-22. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1913 [Printing error for 'February']." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 3, p. 129-132. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 5, p. 249-252. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat April 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of April 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 7, p. 339-342. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 9, p. 423-426. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 11, p. 554-557. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 13, pp. 607-610. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat August 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of August 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 15, p. 699-702. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat September 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of September 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 17, p. 779-782. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 19, p. 887-901. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 21, p. 961-963. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Dezember 1913." [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of December 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 23, p. 1047-1050. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. | |
| Anon. 1914. "Deutsche Funkentelegraphie in der Südsee." [German wireless telegraph in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 21, pp. 21-22. Item announcing that the formal wireless stations on Nauru and Yap have been opened to traffic. | |
| Anon. 1914. "Errichtung und Betrieb von Funkentelegraphenstationen in den deutschen Südsee Schutzgebieten." [Establishment and operation of wireless telegraph stations in the German South Sea protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 15, p. 251. Brief item on the establishment of wireless telegraph stations on Nauru, Yap and at Apia and Rabaul, to be operated by the Deutsche Südseegesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie. The service will be subsidised by both the German government (20 year contract) and various firms operating in the area. The stations on Nauru, Yap and Apia went into service on 1 December 1913, while Rabaul was expected to come on-line in autumn 1914.
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| Anon. 1914. "Funkenstationen in Yap und Nauru nehmen Betrieb auf." [Wireless stations on Yap and Nauru commence service]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 2, p. 77. Brief item that the wireless communications stations on Nauru and Yap, operated by the Deutsche Südseegesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie AG, commenced their operations on 1 December 1913. Cable costs to German to Nauru were RMk 4. 90, government telegrams RMk 2. 95.
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| Anon. 1914. "Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1. Vierteljahr 1914." [Postal services for the German protectorates, first quarter of 1914]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 1, p. 17. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies, including the dates for parcel mail.
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| Anon. 1915. "Funkentelegraphiestationen Jap und Nauru." [Communications News. Wireless telegraph stations on Yap and Nauru]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, p. 367. Notice that the wireless station on Nauru and Yap are operational. Tariffs for telegrams are given. | |
| Anon. 1936. "Amerika im Pazifik." [America in the Pacific]. Deutscher Lebensraum 4, p. 32. Item on Guam being selected as the station of the Pan American Airways clipper route from the USA to China.
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| Behrens, Hermann. 1936. "Koloniale Luftfahrt in der Welt." [Colonial avaitaion of the world]. Deutscher Lebensraum 4, no. 9, pp. 315-316. Article on the strategic significance for colonial governments to maintain a flying boat network. Raises the issue of the Japanese concerns regarding the PanAm route from San Francisco to Guam. Includes a brief entry on Guam.
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| Berg, Victor. 1906. "Bekanntmachung des Bezirksamtmannes in Ponape betreffend die Fahr- und Frachtpreise auf dem Regierungsmotorschuner 'Ponape' vom 7. März 1906." [Ordinance of the District Administrator in Pohnpei regarding the passenger and freight tariffs for the government motor schooner 'Ponape', dated 1 March 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 422. Passenger and freight tariffs for the government vessel Pohnpei are set out. The transportation of copra, trepang and shark fins is not permitted.
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| Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1909. "Vertrag über die Unterhaltung von Postdampfschiffsverbindungen mit dem Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom, 2/9. Juli 1909." [Agreement regarding the maintenance of postal steam ship connections with the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 2/9 July 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 1090-1091. The Norddeutscher Lloyd was given the mail steamer contracts to and from New Guinea. This included a four-weekly return service Sydney-Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen-Yap-HongKong; a eight-weekly service with the following route Rabaul-Finschhafen-Erimahafen/Stephansort-Friedrich Wilhelmshafen-Berlinhafen (Eitape)-Macassar-Singapore-Batavia-Macassar-Ambon-Banda-Berlinhafen (Eitape)-Friedrich Wilhelmshafen-Erimahafen/Stephansort-Finschhafen-Rabaul; and a three-monthly service to smaller islands in the protectorate, with routes to be specified at a future date.
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| Gesang, Othmar. 1908. "'Germania' aufgelaufen." [Germania run aground]. Bericht über die Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln. Jahresbericht 1908. Limburg: Limburger Vereinsdruckerei. Pp. 37-39. Narrative of the stranding of the Germania on Pohnpei on 8 February 1908. | |
| Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Bekanntmachung betreffend die Fahr- und Frachtpreise auf dem Gouvernments-Schuner-dampfer 'Delphin'." [Notification of the Passenger and freight tariff for the Government Schooner-steamer 'Delphin']. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 1, no. 4, p. 23. Example of a Government-run shipping line, detailing the passage and freight costs, including shipping within and to Micronesia.
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| Hahl, Albert. 1911. "Bestimmungen über Fracht- und Personenbeförderung auf dem Gouvernementsdampfer 'Komet'." [Regulations regarding the transport of freight and passengers on the Government steamer 'Komet']. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 3, no. 18, pp. 196-197. Example of a Government-run shipping line, detailing the passage and freight costs, including shipping within and to Micronesia. | |
| Hahl, Albert and Norddeutscher Lloyd. 1911. "Vertrag zwischen dem Norddeutschen Lloyd, Bremen, und dem Landesfiskus des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea." [Contract between the Norddeutscher Lloyd and the financial administration of the protectorate of German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 18, p. 656-658. Contract for the operation of the protectorate owned steamer 'Komet'. The contract specifies the mode of operations, the composition of the crew.
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| Herzog, H. 1900. "Deutsche Post in übersee." [German Postal Service overseas]. Beträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 1, pp. 289-293. Summary of the establishment and operation of German post agencies in each of the colonies as well as Turkey and Morocco.
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| Herzog, H. 1904. "Entwickelung des Post- und Telegraphenwesens der deutschen Kolonien seit 1899." [Development of the Mail and Telegraph system by the German colonies since 1899]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 472-481. Summary of the establishment and operation of German post agencies in each of the colonies. Demonstrates the growth of the postal services broken down by colony. The fact that the newspaper rate for the colonies was the same as the newspaper rate for domestic Germany was seen as an important contributor to the colonisation process. The development of the telegraph service is also chronicled.
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| Hoffmann, P. Theobald. 1927. "Das Kabelnetz der Erde in seine geschichtlichen Entwicklung." [The cable network of the world and its historic development]. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in München 20, p. 312. The article discusses the development of the present cable network. It provides figures for the volume of cable traffic on Yap and Guam. | |
| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1901. "Fahrplan des Reichspostdampfers 'Oceana' zwischen Sydney, und den Marshall-, Karolinen- und Palau Inseln." [Timetable of the Imperial postal steamer 'Oceana' between Sydney, and the Marshall-, Caroline- and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, p. 652. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. Services Jaluit, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Yap.
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| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1902. "Fahrplan des Reichspostdampfers 'Oceana' zwischen Sydney, den Marshall-, und Karolinen-Inseln, dem Bismarck Archipel und HongKong für 1902." [Timetable of the Imperial postal steamer 'Oceana' between Sydney, the Marshall-, and Caroline-Islands, the Bismarck-Archipelago and HongKong for 1902]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, no. 1, p. 55. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. Services Jaluit, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Yap en route to HongKong, with a additional calls at Herbertshöhe and Matupi on the return voyage.
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| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. "Fahrplan des Postdampfers 'Oceana' zwischen Sydney, den Marshall-, Karolinen-, Marianen-Inseln und HongKong." [Timetable of the postal steamer 'Oceana' between Sydney, the Marshall-, Caroline-, Marianas-Islands and HongKong]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 23, p. 659. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times.
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| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. "Fahrplan des Postdampfers 'Oceana' zwischen Sydney, den Marshall-, Karolinen-, Marianen-Inseln und HongKong für das Jahr 1903." [Timetable of the postal steamer 'Oceana' between Sydney, the Marshall-, Caroline-, Marianas-Islands and HongKong]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 3, p. 79. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. The' Germania' was scheduled to be at Saipan on 3-4 April 1903 (via HongKong); 23-24 June 1903 (via Sydney); 7-8 August 1903 (via HongKong); 26-27 October 1903 (via Sydney); 11-12 December 1903 (via HongKong); 29 February-1 March 1904 (via Sydney); 15-16 April 1904 (via HongKong).
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| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1904. "Fahrplan des Postdampfers 'Germania' zwischen HongKong, den Marianen, Karolinen-, Marshall-Inseln u. Sydney." [Timetable of the postal steamer 'Germania' between HongKong, the Marianas, Carolines, Marshall-Islands and Sydney]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, pp. 716-717. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times of Germania voyages I to VI.
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| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1906. "Fahrplan des Postdampfers 'Germania' zwischen HongKong, den Marianen, Karolinen-, Marshall-Inseln und Sydney." [Timetable of the postal steamer 'Germania' between HongKong, the Marianas, Carolines, Marshall-Islands and Sydney]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 2, pp. 58-59. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times of Germania voyages VII to XIV.
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| Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1911. Fahrplan des Postdampfers 'Germania' zwischen Sydney, Rabaul, den Marshall-, Karolinen-, Marianen-, Palau Inseln und HongKong [Reisen 36-43]. [Timetable of the postal steamer 'Germania' between Sydney, Rabaul, the Marshall-, Caroline-, Marianas-, Palau Islands and HongKong (voyages 36-43)]. Hamburg: Jaluit Gesellschaft, Hamburg. Timetable of the postal steamer 'Germania'.
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| Lathe, Fritz. 1913. "Ursprung und Entwickelung des Post- und Telegraphenwesens der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee und in China." [Genesis and development of the German mail and telegraph service in the German protectorates in the South Seas and in China]. Jahrbuch über die deutschen Kolonien 6, pp. 143-152. History of the mail service of Samoa, New Guinea, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, the Marianas and Jiaozhou. Some generalised statistics of the mail volume are also given. Overall the history provides little detail.
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| Lehmann, Gallus. 1912. "Meerestücken." [Capriciousness of the sea]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1912. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 51-54. Describes a sea voyage on a sailing vessel from Guam to Saipan. On the occasion of the voyage the vessel experienced the outer perimeter of an advancing typhoon which was to strike Rota on 19 October 1911 and a second, weaker typhoon on 1 November. The trip which normally would take 3 days took 17 days. | |
| Lenschau. 1902. "Der gegenwärtige Stand der Kabelunternehmungen." [The current state of the cable developments]. Marine Rundschau 13, pp. 70-74. Paper citing difficulties encountered in laying the cable between Guam and Honolulu. | |
| Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. "Änderung der Postdampfschiffs-verbindungen." [Alteration of the mail steamer's connections]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 3, p. 26. Comments on the fact that Saipan will now be included in the altered Sydney-HongKong connection serviced by the Jaluit Gesellschaft steamer Oceana. The New Guinea locations of Herbertshöhe and Matupi have been omitted from the route.
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| Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. "Gouvernementsdampfer." [Government steamer]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, p. 263. Description of the new Government steamer Seestern to be used mainly in German New Guinea, but also available for patrol visits to German Micronesia. | |
| Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. "Verbindung der Marianen mit Yokohama." [The connection between the Marianas and Yokohama]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 42, pp. 426-427. Item on the plans of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha to extend its steamer route to the Bonin Islands and also connect to Saipan and Guam.
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| Neubaur, Dr. 1910. "Die Entwicklung der deutschen Schiffahrt und des deutschen Kabelwesens in den letzten 25 Jahren." [The development of German shipping and cable systems in the last 25 years]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, pp. 867-872. Review paper on German shipping in general, and with the colonies in particular. | |
| Paulus, Hans. 1908. "Die Reisen deutscher Segelschiffe in den Jahren 1893 bis 1904 und ihre mittelere Dauer." [The voyages of German sailing vessels in the years 1893 and 1894 and their average duration]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie 36, pp. 23-30. Paper summarising a number of logs of sailing vessels plying the world. The section on Micronesia provides good examples of the actual times it took sailing ships to reach their destinations. | |
| Podbielski, von. 1900. "Anwendung der für die deutschen Schutzgebiete für Briefsendungen geltenden Taxen zwischen Deutschland und den deutschen Schutzgebieten einerseits und den Karolinen, Marianen und Palau Inseln andererseits." [The application of the postage rates for the German protectorates between Germany and the protectorates on the one hand and the Caroline, Marianas and Palau Islands on the other]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 2, p. 76. Henceforth the standard mail rates between Germany and its colonies also apply to the Islands Territory of the Caroline, Marianas and Palau Islands. | |
| Podbielski, von. 1900. "Bekanntmachung." [Notification]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 2, p. 76. Domestic mail rates will henceforth apply to Micronesia as a result of the take over of the Islands Territory by Germany. . | |
| Puche, D. W. 1921. "Post und Telegraphie in den deutschen Schutzgebieten und bei den Postanstalten im Auslande 1903 bis 1914." [Post and Telegraphy in the German protectorates and the postal agencies abroad 1903 to 1914]. Archiv für Post und Telegraphie 10, pp. 404-414; pp. 451-453. Overview on the developments in and the state of the postal and telegraphic service in the German protectorates from 1903 to 1914. Summaries of the postal connections for German New Guinea, Samoa and German Micronesia are presented. The levels of service available in the various colonies (mail, postal money orders, parcels etc) as well the extent of the telegraph and telephone networks are discussed.
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| Reichskolonialamt. 1907. "Post und Telegraphie." [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 6, pp. 49-51. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1907. "Schiffsverkehr." [Shipping]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 5, pp. 47-48. Annual shipping statistics for German Micronesia. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Post und Telegraphie." [Post and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 6, pp. 43-45. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Post und Telegraphie." [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 6, pp. 49-51. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Schiffsverkehr." [Shipping]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 5, p. 47. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Schiffsverkehr im Kalenderjahr 1907." [Shipping during the calendar year 1907]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 5, pp. 41-42. Annual shipping statistics for German Micronesia. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Post und Telegraphie." [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 7, pp. 47-49. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Post und Telegraphie." [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 43-45. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Schiffsverkehr." [Shipping]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 41-42. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Schiffsverkehr im Jahre 1908." [Shipping in the year 1908]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 6, pp. 43-46. Detailed Statitics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1910. "Post, Telegraphie und Fernsprechwesen 1909." [Postal services, telegraphy and telecommunications 1909]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 2, pp. angeb. S. 240-241. Statistical tables on the mail services (letters, parcels and money orders) and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1910. "Schiffsverkehr." [Shipping communications]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 3, pp. 241-244. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1912. "Post, Telegraphie und Fernsprechwesen 1910." [Postal services, telegraphy and telecommunications 1910]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 2, pp. angeb. S. 314-315. Statistical tables on the mail services (letters, parcels and money orders) and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1912. "Post, Telegraphie und Fernsprechwesen 1911." [Postal Services, Telegraphy and Telephony 1911]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 2, pp. angeb. S. 350-351. Statistical tables on the mail services (letters, parcels and money orders), the telegraph volume and the usage of telephones in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1912. "Schiffs- und Hafenverkehr." [Shipping and Harbour Traffic]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 3, pp. 315-319. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1913. "Schiffs- und Hafenverkehr." [Shipping and Harbour Traffic]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 3, pp. 351-356. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1914. "Post, Telegraphie und Fernsprechwesen 1912." [Postal Services, Telegraphy and Telephony 1912]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 2, pp. angeb. S. 388-389. Statistical tables on the mail services (letters, parcels and money orders), the telegraph volume and the usage of telephones in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1914. "Schiffs- und Hafenverkehr." [Shipping and Harbour Traffic]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 3, pp. 389-394. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichstag. 1907. "Post und Telegraphie." [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 351-352. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichstag. 1907. "Schiffsverkehr." [Shipping]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 349-351. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
| Rikisch, Emil. 1901. "Postdampferverbindung der deutschen Südseeinseln." [Mail by steam ship for the German South Sea islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, no. 51, p. 503. Brief item on the establishment of a mail steamer connection between Sydney and HongKong, to be serviced by the Oceana of the Jaluit Gesellschaft. The discontinuation of the Norddeutscher Lloyd service via Saipan is mentioned.
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| Röscher, Max. 1912. "Drahtlose Telegraphie in den deutschen Kolonien." [Wireless telegraphy in the German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 32, pp. 554-555. Item on the feasibility of wireless communications between Germany and its colonies. While direct communications between Germany and Togo were seen as possible, colonies further afield would require repeater stations.
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| Röscher, Max. 1925. "Die Funkentelegraphie in den ehemaligen deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The radio telegraphy in the former German protectorates]. Koloniale Rundschau 14, no. 3, pp. 110-119. Reviews the state of the German radio telegraphy network at the outbreak of World War I. The range of the Pacific stations is described, with Yap reaching San Francisco on good days. Describes the destruction of the Yap, Rabaul and Nauru radio and telegraph stations in the early days of World War I.
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| Schumacher, Hermann. 1902. Deutsche Schiffahrtsintressen im Stillen Ozean. [German shipping interests in the Pacific Ocean]. Leipzig: Dunker & Humblot. Review of the shipping communication of the German Pacific colonies with the outside world. Includes a discussion of British and American Shipping lines. Much emphasis is given to the routes and ships employed by the Norddeutscher Lloyd. The implications of the Panama Canal are discussed.
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| Senfft, Arno. 1905. "Besuch des amerikanischen Stationschiffes 'Supply' in Jap." [Visit of the American Station vessel 'Supply' to Yap]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 15, p. 484. The Guam Station vessel 'Supply' paid a courtesy call on 13 April 1905 to celebrate the opening of the Yap-Guam cable link. Among the twelve Guamanian passengers were the sister and the daughters of the Governor of Guam. The festivities and surrounding activities are enumerated.
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| Senfft, Arno. 1910. "Verschlagene Karoliner." [Castway Carolinians]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 389. A group of canoes had left typhoon-stricken Ifaluk in search of food on Lamutrek. On the return voyage, the canoes were separated in a storm and one of them drifted to Shanghai (China). Senfft makes some general comments on traditional voyaging and the ability to obtain food while at sea. | |
| Solff, K. 1910. "Drahtlose Telegraphie zwischen dem Mutterlande und unseren Kolonien." [Wireless telegraphy between the motherland and our colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 10, pp. 157-158. Item on the establishment of a wireless connection between Angaur and Yap. | |
| Solff, K. 1911. "Funkentelegraphische Verbindungen in der deutschen Südsee (hierzu 4 Abbildungen)." [Wireless telegraphy in the German South Seas (with 4 illustrations)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 3, pp. 40-41. Discusses the establishment of a wireless communications system. The stations on Nauru and Yap are operational and a station for Apia is in the planning stages. Photos of the telecommunications station on Angaur are included.
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| Traub. 42. "Südsee-Inseln." [History of the German Mail Service in the Colonies and Abroad-South Sea Islands]. In: W. Schmidt and Hans Werner (eds), Geschichte der deutschen Post in den Kolonien und im Auslande. Second ed. Leipzig: Reinhold Rudolph. Pp. 343-356. Detailed history of the German mail service in Micronesia as well as Samoa, complete with descriptions of shipping connections and routing.
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| Weller, Carl. 42. "Deutsch-Neuguinea." [History of the German Mail Service in the Colonies and Abroad-New Guinea]. In: W. Schmidt and Hans Werner (eds), Geschichte der deutschen Post in den Kolonien und im Auslande. Second ed. Leipzig: Reinhold Rudolph. Pp. 293-343. Detailed history of the German mail service in New Guinea, complete with descriptions of shipping connections, routing, telegraph, wireless and telephone services. A list of post offices is included.
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| Anon. 1899. "Die deutschen Kolonial-Postwertzeichen." [The German colonial stamps]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 3, no. 8, pp. 97-99; no. 10, pp. 108-109; no. 11, pp. 119-121. Item describing the new colonial stamps (Eagle series with overprint showing the name of the colony). The paper gives the quantities of essays produced, as well as the quantity of stamps handed over as specimens to the World Postal Union in Berne.
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| Anon. 1900. "Fälschungen. Marianen." [Forgeries Marianas]. Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung 11, no. 10, p. 149. A brief item on the occurrence of forged cancels on German Mariana Island stamps.
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| Anon. 1900. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung 11, no. 3, p. 37. A brief item on the establishment of the first post office on Saipan, and the nature of the stamps and postcards available for sale there. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung 11, no. 5, p. 73. A brief item on the nature of the first stamps and postcards sold at the Saipan post office.
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| Anon. 1900. "Die neuen Postwertzeichen für die deutschen Kolonien." [The new stamps for the German colonies]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 11, no. 4, p. 62. Item critical of the recently published designs for the ship series German colonial stamps, arguing that the ship on the Pfenning values resembles a cheap theatre backdrop.
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| Anon. 1901. "Die Kontrollzeichen auf den deutschen Kolonial-Postkarten der vorigen (Adler-) Emission." [The control markings on the post cards of the previous (Eagle) issue of the German colonies]. Germania-Berichte 21, pp. 226-228. Item listing the markings on the colonial postal stationery post cards that allow one to distinguish between the various issue dates.
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| Anon. 1905. "Marianen mit falscher Entwertung vor Gericht." [Mariana stamps with forged cancels feature in court case]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 46, p. 538. Brief item on a court case against Gustav Freyse for slandering Georg Kossack as the seller of Marianas stamps with forged cancels. Freyse was acquitted. | |
| Anon. 1910. "Bericht der Prüfungsstelle." [Report of the certification bureau]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 7, no. 4, pp. 40-41. Brief note on the backdated cancels from the Marianas.
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| Anon. 1910. "Bericht der Prüfungsstelle." [Report of the certification bureau]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 7, no. 8/9, pp. 81-83. Brief note on the backdated cancels from the Marianas.
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| Anon. 1911. "Ausbeutungen und Fälschungen. Bericht der Marken-Prüfungstelle." [Exploitation and Forgeries. Report by the stamp expertisation bureau]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 8, no. 5, pp. 47-48. Report on forged cancels on Eagle series stamps from the Mariana Islands. Item on large numbers of cancel-to-order stamps from the Marianas as well as mass-produced registered letters for the philatelic market. These were reputedly produced by the German administrator Georg Fritz.
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| Anon. 1911. "Ausbeutungen und Fälschungen. Marianen-Stempe und Aufrruckfälschungen." [Exploitation and Forgeries. Forged cancels and overprints of Marianas stamps]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 8, no. 5, p. 48. Report on forged cancels on Eagle series stamps from the Mariana islands, as well as on forged overprints made by François Fournier. | |
| B., W. 1912. "Mariannen-Adlerausgabe." [Marianas Eagle Series]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 5, pp. 56-57. [Item on the backdated cancellation of Eagle series stamps from the Marianas, with a list of suspect cancel dates].
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| Düsterbehn, H. 1910. "Nochmals die Marianen Stempel." [Again to the Marianas Cancels]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 7, no. 11, pp. 106-107. Discussion of the appearance of the cancel-to-order and backdated cancellations of the Eagles series stamps of the Marianas.
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| Freyse, Gustav. 1905. "Falsch gestempelte Marianen." [Forged cancels on Marianas stamps]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 54, pp. 642-643. Brief item discussing the acquisition and cost of forged cancels on German Eagle series colonial stamps from the Marianas.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1906. "Die Gültigkeitsdauer der Adlermarken in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The period of validity of the Eagle series stamps in the German protectorates]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 3, pp. 42-43. The first German colonial series of stamps, the overprinted Eagle motif series, was replaced by the permanent Yacht-type series in 1901. The paper discusses the period of validity of the Eagle series stamps for each of the German protectorates.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1906. "Interessantes über deutsche Kolonialmarken bezw. deren Fälschungen." [Interesting observations on German Colonial Stamps and their Forgeries]. Germania-Berichte. Zentralblatt für alle Vereine und Mitglieder das Germania-Ringes 10, pp. 102-106. Paper presenting images of forged German Colonial Offices stamps, among them stamps of the Mariana Islands.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1906. "Neuentdeckte Druckfehler von Deutsch-Ostafrika 1. Ausg[abe]." [Newly discovered printing errors on German East Africa, first issue]. Germania-Berichte 10, p. 105. Item on printing errors on the Eagle issue stamps of German East Africa. Contains comments on the forged Marianas Eagle issue stamps.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1907. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 9, pp. 117-122. Paper discussing the nature of backdated cancels as well as handwritten cancels on Eagle series stamps from the Marianas. Line cancels with 'Rota' described and shown to be forgeries.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1907. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte pp. 251-252. Preprint of the Friedemann handbook entry on the Marianas.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1907. "Marianen, Abstempelung Rota." [Marianas, Rota cancel]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte p. 152. Brief item on the line cancels with 'Rota' described and shown to be forgeries.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1907. "Nochmals Abstempelung Rota, Marianen." [Once more Rota cancel, Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte p. 213. Brief item on the line cancels with 'Rota' described and shown to be forgeries.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1908. "Falsche Abstempelungen deutscher Kolonialmarken." [Forged cancels of German colonial stamps]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 1, no. 12, pp. 267-268. Illustrated item on forged cancels of Eagle series stamps.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1908. "Falsche Abstempelungen von Kamerun, Marianen und Marschallinseln." [Forged cancels from Cameroon, Marianas and the Marshall Islands]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 1, no. 12, p. 240. Illustrated item on forged cancels of Eagle series stamps.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1908. "Der falsche Stempel: Saipan (Marianen)." [The forged cancel: Saipan (Marianas)]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 1, no. 3, p. 24. Brief item illustrating a forged Saipan cancel of the filed off '99' year slug.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1908. "Ich sammele keine ungebrauchten Marken." [I do not collect mint stamps]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 1, no. 1, pp. 5-6. Item on the German stamp collectors obsession with cancelled stamps which gave rise to a spate of forgeries and falsifications.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1908. "Die neuen deutschen Kolonialmarken." [The new German colonial stamps]. Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 1, no. 19, p. 4. Item on the recently published essays for the ship series of German colonial stamps.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1908. Die Postfreimarken und die Entwertungen der deutschen Postanstalten in den Schutzgebieten und im Auslande. [The stamps and the cancels of the German post offices in the protectorates and in foreign countries]. Leipzig: Albert Friedemann. Discussion of the stamps and post cards produced for the German colony of the Marianas, as well as the cancels used. The well-illustrated chapter also includes a section of forged stamps and forged cancels.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1908. "Recht gefährliche Fälschungen: Marianen und Marshall Inseln." [Quite dangerous forgeries: Marianas and Marshall Islands]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 1, no. 3, p. 24. Brief item illustrating forgeries of overprinted Eagle series stamps from the Marshall Islands and the Marianas.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1909. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 20, pp. 305-306. Item discussing the use of the '99' year slug with filed-off descenders of the nines to serve as a temporary substitute for the '00' year slug which had not yet been delivered. The paper provides some illustrations as well as a price list for 1909.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1909. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte p. 467. Brief item on the occurrence of letters with the filed off '99' year slug as substitute for the '00' slug, and on the use of violet ink for the cancels.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1909. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte p. 496. Example of an advertisement for Mariana Islands stamps and the prices they fetched.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1909. "Marianen. Stempel Saipan mit abgeschnittenen Neunen von 1900." [Marianas. Cancel Saipan of 1900 with the nines partially cut off]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 21, pp. 325-326. Item on the manufacture of an interim date cancel slug reading '00' by cutting of the descenders of the two nines of the '99' cancel slug. The paper also describes and illustrated the nature of German cancels.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1909. "Neue Fälschungen Deutscher Kolonialmarken." [New forgeries of German colonial stamps]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte pp. 393-394. Item illustrating and describing forgeries of Eagle series overprinted German colonial stamps from the Marianas, Samoa, Togo and German South-west Africa.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Anzeige." [Advertisement]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte p. 588. Example of an advertisement for genuine cancels on Marianas stamps.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Falsche Entwertungen deutscher Kolonialmarken." [Forged cancels on German colonial stamps]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 29, p. 468. Brief item illustrating forged cancels on German Eagle series colonial stamps. Illustrated are some Fournier cancels as well as other forged cancels used on stamps from the Marshall Islands, the Marianas and the Carolines.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 30, pp. 497-501. Item on the stamps of the Eagle series Marianas with the various cancel variations and the prices they fetched in 1909. Details on shipping conditions as well as on the use of backdated cancels are given. The item is profusely illustrated.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 31, pp. 517-520. Item on the stamps of the Eagle series Marianas with the various cancel variations and the prices they fetched in 1909.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 30, pp. 536-537. Item on the ship mail cancels, particularly the Australische Hauptline. Some forgeries are also illustrated.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 30, p. 558. Item on the genuine dates of Marianas cancels.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 34, p. 575. Item on backdated Marianas cancels.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte p. 591. Item on the occurrence of backdated cancels on apparently genuine registered letters sent to addressees on Saipan.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 36, pp. 605-615. Detailed discussion on the nature, origin and appearance of genuine, cancel-to-order and backdated cancels, with cancel dates, dated of arrival backstamps, and the like. Illegally used handwritten cancels are also discussed.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 37, pp. 634-636. Detailed discussion on the nature, origin and appearance of genuine, cancel-to-order and backdated cancels, with cancel dates, dated of arrival backstamps, and the like. Illegally used handwritten cancels are also discussed.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Spanische Marianen." [Spanish Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte p. 591. Item on the Spanish Phillippine Alphonso XIII stamps overprinted with 'Marianas Espagnolas'. The overprint has a deep violet colour. The items were reputedly illegally produced to defraud stamp collectors.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Spanische Marianen." [Spanish Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 37, pp. 637-638. Item on the Spanish Phillippine Alphonso XIII stamps overprinted with 'Marianas Espagnolas'. The overprint has a deep violet colour. The article illustrates a genuine cover.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "Statistisches aus den Schutzgebieten und dem Auslande." [Statistical information from the Protectorates and Foreign Parts]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 30, pp. 521-522. List of post offices in the German colonies as well as German postal agencies in Morocco, China and Turkey.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1910. "über Neudrucke von Deutschen Kolonial-Marken." [On reprints of German colonial stamps]. Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 30, pp. 522-523. Recent discoveries of official reprints of the Eagle issues of Marshall Islands stamps are discussed. Marianas stamps are also (wrongly) suspected as being reprinted.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1911. "Marianen. Ein kleiner Punkt im Stempel Saipan." [Marianas. A small dot in the Saipan cancel]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 40, pp. 685-690. Detailed discussion of small changes in the Saipan cancel, which allow for the discrimination between genuine and backdated cancels.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1911. "Marianen. Saipan." [Marianas. Saipan]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 40, p. 877. Brief description of a Saipan cancel of 1911 with omitted year slug. The year was written in by ink. Also illustrated is a registered letter sent on 29 November 1899 to Manila, where the ink of the cancel was purple.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1911. "Marianen. Seepost Entwertungen." [Marianas. Ship Mail Cancels]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 40, p. 717. Brief classification of the ship mail cancels on Mariana Islands stamps.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1911. "Sorteneinteilung der Marianen-Marken." [Classification of the Marianas stamps]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 40, p. 690. Brief classification of the various types of genuine, cancel-to-order, backdated and forged Mariana cancels. | |
| Friedemann, Albert. 1912. "Falscher Aufdruck Marianen 5 Pfg." [Forged overprint Marianas 5 Pfennig]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 30, p. 901. Brief item illustrating new forged overprints on Marianas Eagle Series stamps. The stamps reputedly originate from Belgium. The stamps can be distinguished by an overprint set at a lower angle. Similar stamps have also been reported for the Marshall Islands and the Carolines.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1912. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 3, pp. 650-651. Item on the various cancels which are known to have been used, legally and illegally, on Marianas stamps of the Eagle series.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1912. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 3, p. 656. Item on the illegal nature of handwritten cancels with some remarks on the use of the former Spanish seals for Saipan and Rota.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1912. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 3, p. 676. Item with double cancel showing the transition from the '99' cancel slug used for 1900 to the use of the '00' slug.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1912. "Marianen-Postverbindungen und Stempelfragen." [Marianas. Postal connections and matters of cancels]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 4, no. 3 (52), pp. 957-964. Detailed item discussing the various departures of ships carrying mail, the known cancel dates of mail carried on these ships as well as the numbers of registration labels which can be associated with some of the mail. The origin of the cancel-to-order items is also addressed.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1912. "Die Nummern der Einschreibzettel von Saipan 1899-1901." [The numbers of the registration labels from Saipan 1899-1901]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 4, no. 1 (51), pp. 924-926. Paper listing the known registration labels for the period as well as the cancel dates and destinations of the letters on which these labels were used. | |
| Friedemann, Albert. 1913. "Die Abstempelung Ostasiatische Seepost auf Marianen." [The cancel Ostasiatische Seepost on Marianas stamps]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 4, no. 4 (53), pp. 980-982. Item on the illegal use of genuine Ostasiatische Seepost cancel on Marianas stamps.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1913. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 4, no. 6 (56), pp. 1004-1005. Item on the identification of backdated cancels using small flaws in the cancel.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1913. "Marianen-Postverbindungen und Stempelfragen." [Marianas. Postal connections and matters of cancels]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 4, no. 4 (53), pp. 973-979. Detailed item discussing the various departures of ships carrying mail, the known cancel dates of mail carried on these ships as well as the numbers of registration labels which can be associated with some of the mail. The origin of the cancel-to-order items is also addressed.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1915. "Warnung. Falsche Stempel auf Deutschen Marken!" [Warning. Forged cancels on German stamps!]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 6, no. (72), p. 1512. Item on the sale of forged cancels on various German and German colonial stamps, among the stamps of the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1917. "Minderwertige Marianenmarken." [Low-value stamps from the Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 6, no. (80), p. 1530. Item on Eagle series stamps from the Marianas which have been cancelled with backdated cancels.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1917. "Stempel-Fälschungen Marianen und Marshall-Inseln." [Forged cancels on Mariana and Marshall Islands stamps]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 6, p. 1579. Item illustrating forged cancels on Eagle series stamps from the Mariana and the Marshall Islands.
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| Friedemann, Albert. 1921. Die Postfreimarken und die Entwertungen der deutschen Postanstalten in den Schutzgebieten und im Auslande. [The stamps and the cancels of the German post offices in the protectorates and in foreign countries]. Leipzig: Albert Friedemann. Discussion of the stamps produced for the German colony of the Marianas, as well as the cancels used. The well-illustrated chapter also includes a section of forged stamps and forged cancels.
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| 1909. "Die ersten deutschen Kolonialmarken." [The first German colonial stamps]. Germania-Berichte 5, pp. 53-54. Describes the state of knowledge on the first issues of German colonial stamps. | |
| H., H. 1909. "Marianen mit 10. 1. 01." [Marianas with cancel of 10 January 1901]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 6, p. 63. Item discussing the genuine nature of cancels with the date 10 January 1901.
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| Haunroth, W. 1910. "Altes und neues über die Marianenmarken der Adlertype." [Old and new on the Eagle series stamps of the Marianas]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 7, no. 1, pp. 6-7; 17-18. Review of the edition of the Eagle Series stamps of the Marianas and their cancels (genuine, cancel-to-order, backdated and forged).
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| Huch, M. 1910. "Marianen. Adler-Type mit Saipan-Entwertung." [Marianas, Eagle-Type with Saipan cancels]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 7, no. 10, pp. 92-96. Detailed discussion on the origin and appearance of the cancel-to-order and backdated cancellations of the Eagles series stamps of the Marianas. The author demonstrates how Georg Fritz, in conjunction with Woitschek used his access to the post office to create large numbers of cancelled items.
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| K., Dr. 1898. "Postverkehr mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Postal communications with the German protectorates]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 9, no. 3, p. 50. Statistical table of the level and volume of postal services with the German colonies in 1897.
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| K., Dr. 1899. "Postverkehr mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Postal communications with the German protectorates]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 10, no. 2, pp. 31-32. Statistical table of the level and volume of postal services with the German colonies in 1898. Gives a good snaopshot of the situation immediately before the acquisition of Spanish Micronesia by the German authorities.
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| K., Dr. 1900. "Postverkehr mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Postal communications with the German protectorates]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 11, no. 3, pp. 46-47. Statistical table of the level and volume of postal services with the German colonies in 1899.
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| K., Dr. 1904. "Postverkehr mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Postal communications with the German protectorates]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 15, no. 2, pp. 31-32. Statistical table of the level and volume of postal services with the German colonies in 1903.
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| Kalckhof, F. 1921. "Die Ganzsachen für die deutschen Schutzgebiete sowie für die deutschen Postanstalten im Auslande." [The postal stationery for the German protectorates as well as the German post offices abroad]. In: Friedemann, Albert (ed.), Die Postfreimarken und die Entwertungen der deutschen Postanstalten in den Schutzgebieten und im Auslande. Leipzig: Albert Friedemann. Discussion of the post cards produced for the German colonies and the printing marks that allow one to distinguish between the various printing dates.
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| Kossack, Georg. 1905. "Falsch abgestempelte Marianen." [Forged cancels on Marianas stamps]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des 'Germania-Ring' 53, pp. 627-633. Brief item discussing the acquisition and cost of forged cancels on German Eagle series colonial stamps from the Marianas. Kossack justifies his sales practices in this paper.
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| Krüger, Joseph. 1909. "über die Vorläufer der Marken für die deutschen Auslandspostämter und Schutzgebiete. 7. Marianas." [On the predecessors of the stamps for the German foreign post offices and protectorates. 7. Marianas]. Illustriertes Briefmarken-Journal 9, no. 729, pp. 205-206. Item detailing the commencement of the German postal service on Saipan.
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| Ohrt. 1903. "Beiträge zu den deutschen Adler-Kolonialmarken." [Contributions on the German Eagle issues colonial stamps]. Germania-Berichte 30, pp. 367-368. Discusses the newly issued colonial stamps with the different angles of overprint.
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| Pirl. 1906. "Bericht der Kommission der Marianen-Frage." [Report of the Commission on the Marianas question]. Germania-Berichte 11, p. 130-133. Report discussing the nature of genuine and backdated cancels on German Marianas Eagle issue stamps. The matter of backdated stamps had reached serious proportions as various stamp dealers had been accused of having them cancelled-to-order as demand developed.
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| Pirl. 1913. "Der violette Senf-Katal[og] 1914 u[nd] die Abstempelungsfrage." [The violet Senf Catalogue of 1914 and the question of the cancels]. Germania-Berichte 11, p. 122-123. Report discussing the nature of genuine and backdated cancels on German Marianas Eagle issue stamps and how the matter is addressed in the most recent issue of the then leading German stamp catalogue.
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| Priwe. 1911. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 40, p. 900. Item on the actual shipping connections of Saipan until 31 March 1900. A list of ships is given.
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| Priwe. 1912. "Deutsche Südsee-Dampferposten." [The German South Seas Steamship Post]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 2, no. 13 (50), pp. 893-897. Article on the German ship mail in the South Seas. Discusses the shipping connections between HongKong and Sydney, as well as between Singapore and Sydney as run by the Norddeutscher Lloyd, the Micronesia route operated by the Jaluit Gesellschaft. A brief history of the short-lived service to Pohnpei and Saipan is given. The article illustrates the cancels used by the ship-based post offices.
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| Priwe. 1912. "Die Postverbindungen der Marianen 1899-1901." [The Postal connections of the Marianas 1899-190]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 4, no. 1 (51), pp. 917-924. Paper giving details of the actual shipping connections of Saipan until end of 1901. A list of ships and cancel dates is given.
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| Priwe. 1913. "Die Bewertung der Marianenstempel." [The valuation of the Marianas cancels]. Germania-Berichte 12, p. 133-135. Paper discussing the value of the various cancels on Marianas stamps.
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| Priwe. 1913. "Deutsche Schutzgebiete. Fehlende Zahlen in Kolonialstempeln." [German Protectorates. Missing numbers in colonial cancels]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 3, no. 17 (54), pp. 1019-1022. Brief item summarising the state of knowledge on omitted year indicators in the colonial cancels. Gives a list of dates, including some for the Marianas.
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| Priwe. 1913. "Die Stempel der Marianen-Adlermarken." [The cancels of the Marianas Eagle issues]. Germania-Berichte 4, no. 11, pp. 121-122; no. 12, pp. 130-133. Paper discussing the nature of cancels on Marianas stamps, attempting to sort out genuine cancels from backdated cancels. A large amount of individual detail is given.
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| Priwe. 1914. "Rückdatierter Stempel Stephansort." [Backdated cancel Stephansort]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 4 no. 15, pp. 1267-1269. Item on the backdated use of a genuine cancel of Stephansort (German New Guinea). Comparison is made to the backdated cancellations of Marianas stamps.
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| Priwe. 1914. "Schlusswort zu Ostasiatische Seepost auf Marianen." [The final word on Ostasiatische Seepost cancels on Marianas stamps]. Albert Friedemann's Philatelistische Berichte 4, no. 13 (63), pp. 1168-1171. Stamps are known to exist with cancels of the Ostasiatische Seepost. These cancels are genuine cancels, affixed illegally to genuine stamps. The paper outlines the detective work required to bring this issue to a conclusion.
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