Missions General
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Missions. |
| As a former Spanish colony, the Marianas were predominantly Catholic. After the purchase of Spanish Micronesia and the establishment of the German administration, Spanish missionaries continued to minister. By 1906 they were replaced by German Capuchin monks. In addition to news reports in the colonial press [cf 1567, 1568] there are government annual reports [cf 1564, 1565] and the detailed annual reports of the Capuchin monks [cf 1569, 1583, 1584, 1585] which include narrative vignettes of mission life on Saipan [cf 1578] and Rota [cf 1580]. The Capuchins produced a number of religious texts in Chamorro. . |
Missions General. |
| Acker, Amandus. 1909. "Die Aufgabe der katholischen Mission in den Kolonien." [The Aims of the Catholic missions in the colonies]. Jahrbuch über die deutschen Kolonien 2, pp. 119-134. . | |
| Anon. 1889. "Die evangelische Mission in den deutschen Schutzgebieten in der Südsee." [Protestant missions in the German South Sea protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 6, pp. 101-102. State of affairs for the Protestant missions in German New Guinea and the Marshall Isslands. | |
| Anon. 1900. "Die Missionsthätigkeit in den deutschen Schutzgebieten in Afrika und der Südsee." [The Mission activity in the German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 21, p. Beilage zu nr. 21. Summary statistics of the Mission activities in the colonies. Includes lists of priests active in the regions. Mentions that the Catholic mission is in transition with German missionaries replacing the Spanish ones. | |
| Anon. 1901. "Die Missionsthätigkeit in den deutschen Schutzgebieten in Afrika und der Südsee." [The Mission activity in the German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 23, p. Beilage zu nr. 23. Summary statistics of the Mission activities in the colonies. Includes lists of priests active in the regions. Mentions that the Catholic mission is in transition with German missionaries replacing the Spanish ones. | |
| Anon. 1905. "Die Missionsthätigkeit in den deutschen Schutzgebieten in Afrika und der Südsee." [The Mission activity in the German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas. I. Protestant Missions. F. Marshall-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 2 (Supplement), p. 9. Summary statistics of the Mission activities in the colonies. Includes lists of priests active in the regions. Mentions that the Catholic mission is in transition with German missionaries replacing the Spanish ones. | |
| Anon. 1907. "Apostolische Präfektur auf Saipan." [Apostolic Prefecture on Saipan]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, no. 34, p. 345. The Apostolic prefecture of the Marianas was established effective 18 June 1907. The Westphalian Capuchins are in charge, with P. Paul Kirkhausen as prefect.
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| Anon. 1907. "Apostolische Präfektur auf Saipan." [Apostolic prefecture on Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 16, p. 810. Effective 18 June 1907 the Marianas were separated from the Apostolic prefecture on Cebu (Philippines) and a separate Apostolic prefecture was established on Saipan.
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| Anon. 1907. Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit der Kapuziner der rheinisch-westfälischen Ordensprovinz in der Mission der Karolinen. [Jahresbericht] 1906. [Annual report on the activities of the Capuchins of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the order in the mission to the Caroline Islands. [Annual report] for 1906]. Saarlouis: Hausen & Co. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. As this is the first annual report by the German missionaries it covers a range of general information. Covers an overview and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors.
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| Anon. 1911. "Errichtung zweier Apostolischer Vikariate in der Südsee." [Creation of two Apostolic Vicariates in the South Seas]. Gott Will Es! 23, pp. 190-192. Report on the creation of the Apostolic Vicariate of the Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Apostolic Vicariate of Guam.
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| Anon. 1912. "Die Mission der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuzinerprovinz auf den deutschen Marianen-, Karolinen- und Palau-Inseln." [The mission of the Rhineland-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins on the German Caroline, Mariana, and Palau Islands]. Gott Will Es! 24, pp. 91-93. Annual report on the activities of the mission. The size of each congregation is given. Comments that Catholic priests are barred from providing religious education in the German government school on Saipan.
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| Anon. 1914. "Apostolisches Vikariat der Marianen-, Karolinen- und Palau-Inseln (Kapuziner). Statistik für 1912/13." [Apostolic Vicariate for the Mariana, Caroline and Palau Islands. Statistics for 1912/13 (Capuchins)]. Gott Will Es! 26, p. 53. Statistical table giving mission stations, size of the congregation, number of missionaries, number of sermons preached, Christenings, confessions, communions, confirmations, marriages, last rites, and funerals. Also the number of pupils under instruction at schools.
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| 1903. "Die katholische Kirche auf den Inseln der Südsee." [The Catholic Church on the islands of the South Seas]. Kreuz und Schwert im Kampfe gegen die Sklaverei und Heidentum 12, no. 4, pp. 105-107, no. 5, pp. 130-132. Brief history of the Apostolic Vicariates in Oceania.
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| Freytag, W. 1937. "Deutsche evangelische Missionsarbeit in den deutschen Kolonien." [German Protestant mission in the German colonies]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 9, no. 1/2, pp. 58-62. General overview of the Protestant missionary activities in the former German colonies.
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| Hespers, Karl. 1906. "Die katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The Catholic Missions in the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 1, p. Supplement. The catholic mission statistics reproduced in the 1906 report are still those of 1897, indicating the flow of information between the church and the German colonial authorities.
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| Lehmann, Eusebius. 20. "Spanische Missionsmethoden auf den Karolinen und Marianen." [Spanish mission methodology on the Carolines and the Marianas]. In: Schwager, Friedrich (ed.), Der Düsseldorfer Missionskursus für Missioner und Ordenspriester 7. -1. Oktober 1919. Aachen: Xaverius Verlag. Pp. 161-168. Review of the successes and failures of the Spanish mission in Micronesia. The financial and political support of the missions as provided by the Spanish government is lauded. Any failure of the Spanish missionaries is sheeted home to overly ambitious or arrogant Spanish administrators. The fact that the Spanish administration in the Carolines and the Marianas compelled children to attend school is regarded by the author as a very powerful tool in the missionisation process. However, the Christianisation was seen as superficial and when the Spanish administration withdrew from Micronesia (and with it the government support) church attendance waned immediately. Despite the seemingly beneficial arrangement of political backing and funding, the author argues that the mission is better served if politics and church are kept separate. A discussion of the paper by various conference participants is included.
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| Lehmann, Gallus. 1913. "Die Insel Saipan." [Pictures from mission life. The Island of Saipan]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 35-37. Description of mission life on Saipan, commenting on the plethora of people and the Babylonian mix of languages spoken there. Argues that a uniform language was desirable, and the German should be language of instruction for both school pupils and adults. | |
| Lehmann, Gallus. 1913. "Weihnachtsdarstellung in Saipan." [Nativity scene on Saipan]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 50-52. Narrative of Christmas 1911 and the ongoings prior to and during a nativity play staged by the pupils. | |
| Lopinot, Callistus. 1907. "Das neue Missionshaus auf Jap." [The new mission building on Yap]. Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit der Kapuziner der rheinisch-westfälischen Ordensprovinz in der Mission der Karolinen. Jahresbericht 1906. Saarlouis: Hausen & Co. Pp. 34-42. Description of the construction of the mission house on Yap (photographs show a communal building under construction as well as an ox cart). Includes a description of making concrete under local circumstances, using the left over materials from the construction of the cable station on Yap. | |
| Madre, Corbinian. 1913. "Dreiviertel um Rota herum." [Pictures from mission life. Three quarters around Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 45-50. Account of a school excursion attempting to walk around Rota in May 1912. The article describes the latte sites at Mochong, the former rice fields at Matmos and the heavily vegetated area along the eastern and southeastern shores (includes a map of Rota and photographs of the church on Saipan showing the latte columns in the foreground). | |
| Mai, Richard. 1937. "Die katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Kolonien." [German Catholic mission in the German colonies]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 9, no. 1/2, pp. 62-69. General overview of the Catholic missionary activities in the former German colonies.
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| Mirbt, Carl. 1910. Mission und Kolonialpolitik in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. [Missions and Colonial politics in the German protectorates]. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr. Review of the history of the various missions in the German colonies and the role they play in the health and education system. The interplay between government and mission school is discussed, as is the denominational conflict. The volume also contains example curricula.
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| < td>Müller, Kilian. 1908. Bericht über die Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln. Jahresbericht 1908. [Report on the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands. Annual Report 1908]. Limburg: Limburger Vereinsdruckerei. P. 48pp. | |
| Müller, Kilian. 1910. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1910]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 63 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors.
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| Müller, Kilian. 1911. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 63 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors.
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| Müller, Kilian. 1912. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1912. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1912]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 64 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview of the mission history of the Carolines and the Marianas, an account of the elevation to Bishop of Pater Salvator Walleser, listing of all missionaries in the field and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors. Includes photographs of locales in Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan.
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| Müller, Kilian. 1913. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1913]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 63 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview of the mission history of the Carolines and the Marianas, an account of the elevation to Bishop of Pater Salvator Walleser, listing of all missionaries in the field and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors. Includes photographs of locales in Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan.
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| Müller, Kilian. 1914. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1914. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1914]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 16 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors.
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| Müller, Placidus. 1912. "Die Schule in Koror (Palau-Inseln)." [The school in Koror (Palau-Islands)]. Gott Will Es! 24, p. 60-63. Account of the education provided at the Catholic school on Koror. Three grades were taught simultaneously, with the language of instruction, to the extent feasible, being German. Palauan was written in Latin script, while German was written in Sütterlin. Describes the problems faced by the pupils as they cannot expect any parental help in their school problems. Homework per se is impossible to police and thus has to be completed while at school. | |
| Paul, C. 1908. Die Mission in unseren Kolonien. Vierter Teil: Die deutschen Südsee-Inseln. [The mission in our colonies. Part four: The German South Sea islands]. Dresden: C. Ludwig Ungelenk. Various vignettes of the mission history of Micronesia including a section on the various vessels Morning Star, the Spanish treatment of the Pohnpeians and the development of Capuchin missions on the Carolines and the Marianas.
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| Reichstag. 1903. "Missionsberichte." [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee. Berichtsjahr 1901/1902. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1900/1903. VIII. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 5301-5311. Annual report on the state of the mission in the Islands Territory with general statistics and lists of congregations. | |
| Reichstag. 1907. "Missionsberichte." [Mission Reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 326-331. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics. | |
Religious Texts . |
| Anon. 1909. Kijin Pun en kol jaraui kan etc Sammlung von Kirchenliedern in Ponapesprache. [Collection of church hymns in Pohnpeian]. Freiburg: Herder. Example of the Catholic missionaries' work at collecting and publishing material in local languages. | |
| Anon. 1915. Kanta siha para i Gima Yuus gi Jslas Marianas pot i Mamale Capuchino. [Hymn Book for the Marianas compiled by the Capuchin Order]. Pohnpei: Katholische Mission. Capuchin Hymnal for the Marianas, printed by the Catholic mission on Pohnpei.
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| [Fischer, Paulus and Lopinot, Callistus]. 1910. Catesismon i Dottrina Cristiana mapublica para i Islas Marianas gi fino Chamorro pot i mamale Capuchino. [Catechism and Christian doctrine produced for the Mariana Islands in the Chamorro language for use by the Capuchins]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionum ad Exteros. 112p. Chamorro-language publication of the Catholic catechism produced by the German priests in Saipan and printed by the regional missionary press in HongKong.
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| Lehmann, Eusebius. 1909. Gebetbüchlein in der Japsprache. [Prayerbook on the Yap Language]. Freiburg: Herder. Prayerbok inYapese. Included as an example of Capuchin texts in Micronesian languages. | |
| Lehmann, Eusebius. 1911. Chep nizozup. Freiburg: Herder. Summary of the Biblical history according to Dr. Knecht. In Chamorro. | |
| Lehmann, Eusebius. 1911. Katekismo ni machiben e Kristiano. [Catechism for Christians]. Freiburg: Herder. Cathechism according to Deharde. In Chamorro. | |
| [Lopinot, Callistus]. 1910. Debosionario Leblon Tinaitai Para Islas Marianas gi fino Chamorro pot i mamale Capuchino. [Devotional reading book for the Mariana Islands in Chamorro about the Capuchin Priests]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionun ad Exteros. 128pp. Devotional book translated into Chamorro by Father Callistus Lopinot.
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| [Lopinot, Callistus]. 1910. Historia Sagrada i Antiguo Yan i Nuevo Testamento. [The Old and New Testament]. (Second printing?) Freiburg im Breisgau: B. Herder. The Old and New testaments translated into Chamorro by Father Callistus Lopinot. | |
| [Lopinot, Callistus]. 1910. I Yiniusan na pinelo na Sacramenton Cumonfesta. Mapiula i tautau Marianas. [Holy Giving of the Sacrament Confession, Translated for the People of the Mariana Islands]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionun ad Exteros. A discussion of the meaning and importance of the holy sacrament.
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| [Lopinot, Callistus and Schuster, Dr. I. 1909. Historia Sagrada i Antiguo Yan i Nuevo Testamento. [Holy History of the Old and New Testament]. Freiburg im Breisgau: B. Herder. 272 pp. The Old and New testaments translated into Chamorro by Father Callistus Lopinot.
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| Paulus and Lopinot, Callistus. 1910. Gebetbuch in der Chamorro Sprache. [Prayer book in Chamorro Language]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionum ad Exteros [Kloster Nazareth]. Prayer book in Chamorro Language by Father Callistus Lopinot and Pater Paulus Fischer. | |
| Paulus and Lopinot, Callistus. 1910. Katechismus in der Chamorro Sprache. [Catechism in Chamorro Language]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionum ad Exteros [Kloster Nazareth]. Catechism in Chamorro Language by Father Callistus Lopinot and Pater Paulus Fischer. | |
| [Price, Francis M.] 1908. A catechism of Christian doctrine and practice in which the answers are given in exactly or substantially in the words of the Holy Scripture. Boston: Fort Hill Press. English-Chamorro Cathechism for the Catholic Church. While predominantly produced for the Guam market (hence the English text), this catechism was used in the Northern Marianas until a new edition by the German Capuchins could be compiled. | |
| Price, Francis M. 1908. Y cuatro evangelio sija yan y checho y apolstoles siji qui Testamento nuebo y senotta yan y sabadotta si Jesuchristo; yan y samo sija. Un trinadux y fino griego yan hebrea qui fino y tano Guam pat y Chamorro. [Bible. The Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles of the New Testament or Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and the Psalms. A translation from Greek and Hebrew into the Chamorro language spoken on Guam]. New York: American Bible Society. Bible translated in Chamorro, with English text given as well. | |
| Walleser, Salvator. 1911. A Kedung el Kristiano. [Prayer book in Yapese language]. Freiburg: Herder. Mission History. | |
Mission History . |
| Anon. 1899. "Die Marianen." [The Marianas]. Die Katholischen Missionen 27, no. 11, pp. 241-246. Review paper on the state of the mission in the Marianas, written on the eve of the annexation of Micronesia from Spain. Includes a summary of the mission history.
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| Anon. 1900. "Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Marianen." [News from the Missions. The Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 28, p. 283. Brief summary of mission stations, priests in charge and the size of the congregations, based on Spanish records.
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| Anon. 1902. "Die Marianen." [The Marianas]. Gott Will Es! 14, no. 11, p. 339. Statistics of the Catholic missions on the Marianas, with names of priests and the size of the congregations.
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| Anon. 1903. "Die Marianen." [The Marianas]. Gott Will Es! 15, no. 12, pp. 374-375. Statistics of the Catholic missions on the Marianas, with names of priests and the size of the congregations.
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| Anon. 1907. "Karolinen. Rückblick auf die spanische Periode." [Review of the Spanish Period]. Die Katholischen Missionen 35, no. 8, pp. 189-190. Overview of the state of the mission in the Carolines and Marianas on the occasion of the German Capuchins taking over the running of the missions.
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| Anon. 1907. "Die Marianen." [The Marianas]. Die Katholischen Missionen 36, no. 2, pp. 30-34. Overview of the state of the mission in the Marianas on the occasion of the German Capuchins taking over the running of the missions. Includes some environmental and geographical information, largely focussed on Guam.
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| Anon. 1908. "Apostolische Präfektur der Marianen-Inseln." [Apostolic prefecture of the Marianas]. Gott Will Es! 20, no. 5, pp. 174-148. Statistics of the Catholic missions on the Marianas, with names of priests and the size of the congregations.
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| Anon. 1910. "Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Marianen." [News from the Missions. The Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 39, p. 204. Brief item mentions that a Catholic school had been opened on Rota. The furniture of the former government school had been lent to the church to facilitate operations. Prior to the Catholic priests taking over the school, a Chamorro held the government teacher position, employed at RMk 50 per month and free housing.
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| Anon. 1910. "Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Ozeanien. Apostol[ische] Präfektur der Karolinen und Marianen. Das Wirken der deutschen Kapuziner." [News from the Missions. Oceania. The Apostolic Prefecture of the Carolines and the Marianas. The work of the German Capuchins]. Die katholischen Missionen 39, pp. 260-262. Summary of the activities of the Capuchin monks in the Carolines and the Marianas. Relationships to Guam are mentioned.
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| Anon. 1910. "Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Ozeanien. Die deutschen Kapuziner auf den Karolinen und Marianen." [News from the Missions. Oceania. The German capuchins on the Carolines and the Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 38, pp. 202-204. Summary of the annual reports of the Capuchin monks regarding their activities in the Marianas. An example of how such annual report data were spread to a wider Catholic audience.
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| Anon. 1911. "Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Apostolisches Vikariat der deutschen Karolinen und Marianen." [News from the Missions. Apostolic Vicariate of the German Carolines and Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 40, p. 151. Brief item on the establishment of the vicariate with census of religious personnel posted to the vicariate. Mentions that Catholic priests are still barred from entering the government school on Saipan, and that religion is not taught there.
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| Anon. 1912. Festschrift zur Konsekration des Hochwürdigen Herrn Salvator Walleser aus der rhein[isch]-westf[älischen] Kapuzinerordensprovinz, Titular-Bischoff von Tanagra und Apostolischer Vikar der Marianen und Karolinen. Am Feste der Unbefleckten Empfängnis, Achten Dezember 1912. [Commemorative volume on occasion of the consecration of the Honourable Salvator Walleser of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchin order, titular-Bishop for Tanagra and Apostolic Vicar for the Marianas and Carolines]. Ehrenbreitstein: Rheinisch-west[älische] Kapuzinerordensprovinz. Biographical sketch of Salvator Walleser and his work in Micronesia. Contains biographical data as well as information on shipping connections and living conditions in Palau. When appointed Apostolic Vicar for the Marianas and Carolines he was also appointed titular-Bishop for Tanagra, a former diocese in Greece (mission bishops were allocated a former diocese now held in non-Christian hands). Part of the commemorative volume provides an overview of the history of the Catholic mission in the Carolines and Palau with a summary account of the Spanish mission to Guam and the rest of the Marianas. The Catholic missionaries' position on the causes of Sokeh's rebellion are outlined.
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| Anon. 1915. "Kleine Missionschronik und Statistisches. Ozeanien." [Brief mission chronicle and statistics. Oceania]. Die katholischen Missionen 45, p. 13. Comments on the establishment of the Japanese rule in Micronesia. Mentions that Japanese shipping lines are systematically undercutting British competition. Japan had established a school in Singapore to train Japanese citizens who wish to work for the new government in Micronesia. Two hundred boys from the Marianas and the Carolines are being educated in Japanese in a school on Saipan (?). Fifteen of these have been taken for further education to Tokyo.
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| Anon. 1915. "Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Ozeanien. Marianen und Karolinen." [News from the Missions. Oceania. The Carolines and the Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 45, p. 13. Comment on the tightness of the Japanese mail censorship resulting in a dearth of information on the state of the mission.
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| Anon. 1915. "Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Südsee-Missionen." [News from the Missions. South Sea Missions]. Die katholischen Missionen 45, p. 68. Brief item on the fate of the missions during World War I.
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| Anon. 1919. "Aus der Südsee." [From the South Seas]. Die Katholischen Missionen 47, p. 164. Item outlining the paucity of information on the state of the mission in Japanese occupied Micronesia.
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| Anon. 1919. "Der deutsche Glaubensbote in der Südsee." [The German messenger of faith in the South Seas]. Die Katholischen Missionen 47, p. 164. Item summarising the success of the German Catholic mission to the South Seas before the outbreak of World War I, and the limited state of news since the Japanese occupation of Micronesia.
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| Anon. 1929. Erinnerungen an die Ehrwürdige Mutter M. Alexia, Stifterin und erste General-Oberin und Geschichte der Schulschwestern des heiligen Franziskus. [Remembrances of the honourable Mother M. Alexia, founder and first Mother Superior General and a History of the school sisters of St. Francis]. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: St. Josephs Konvent. Item on church history, detailing the establishment and involvement of the Franciscan nuns in the Carolines (pp. 110-143) with some references on the Marianas. Includes a narrative of the Japanese take-over in Palau. | |
| Duffner, Venantius. 1911. "Zur Missionschronik. Aussichten der Mission auf Jap und Palau." [The mission chronicles. Prospects of the missions on Yap and Palau]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 38-40. Paints a not very promising picture of the mission on Yap, with low conversion rates (except among low-ranking women). The situation on Palau was seen as not much better. Contains photo of Br. Lucius Keller of Rota. | |
| Fischer, Paulus. 1910. "Zur Missionschronik. Jahresbericht über die Marianen." [The missionary chronicles. Annual Report on the Mariana Islands]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1910]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 14-18. Annual report of the activities of the Capuchin missionaries on Saipan, Rota and Guam. Discusses the level of service provided (spiritual and teaching) as well as the development/construction of and staffing of the missions. Statistics of missionaries and members of the congregations are given. Contains a photo of the church at Garapan and a list of missionaries. Contains a brief report on an attempt to visit people on the northern islands on board of the government vessel Delphin. Some comments on tropical storms and earthquakes are made. | |
| Fliedner, Fritz. 1889. Römische Missionspraxis auf den Karolinen. [Rome's Mission Practices in the Carolines]. Second Thousand. Flugschriften des Evangelischen Bundes 27. Halle (Saale): Evangelischer Bund. Protestant treatise critical of the missions of the Catholic church in the Caroline Islands against the backdrop of Protestant mission endeavour. Includes a Protestant view of the arrest of Revd Doane and his trial in Manila with excerpts from Catholic sources. The item gives a good description of the Catholic-Protestant conflict during the Spanish period and informs on missionary conditions at the time.
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| Hespers, Karl. 1906. "Die Katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. F. II Apostolisches Vikariat der Marshall-Gruppe (1905)." [The Catholic missions in the German protectorates. F. II Apostolic Vicariate of the Marshall Group (1905)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 1, p. Beilage zu nr. 1. Annual report on the state of the Catholic Mission in the Marshall Islands. | |
| Hespers, Karl. 1906. "Die Katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. H. Karolinen und Palau." [The Catholic missions in the German protectorates. H. Carolines and Palau]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 1, p. Beilage zu nr. 1. Annual report on the state of the Catholic Mission in the Carolines and Palau. | |
| Hespers, Karl. 1906. "Die Katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. I. Marianen." [The Catholic missions in the German protectorates. I. Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 1 Supplement, pp. 7-8. No new data, 1897 data reprinted. | |
| Huonder, Anton. 1899. Deutsche Jesuitenmissionare des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Ein Beitrag zur Missionsgeschichte und zur deutschen Biographie. [German Jesuit missionaries of the 17th and 18th century. A contribution to mission history and German biography]. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Item on the history of the Jesuit mission, with brief biographical sketches of missionaries sent to the Philippines and Guam (pp. 166-173).
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| Hüskes, J. 1932. Pioniere der Südsee: Werden und Wachsen. Der Herz Jesu Mission von Rabaul zum Goldenen Jubiläum 1882-1932. [Pioneers of the South Seas: Creation and growth. To the Sacred Heart Mission of Rabaul for its Golden Jubilee 1882-1932]. Hiltrup (Düsseldorf): [Hiltruper Misionare]. Reminiscences and discussion of the history of the Catholic Sacred Heart Mission in the Marshall Islands. Unlike the Marianas with an almost exclusively Catholic population the Marshalls were a mainly Protestant community and Catholic missionaries faced covert oppostion from (Protestant) German administrators. | |
| Lehmann, Gallus. 1911. "Zur Missionschronik. Stand der deutschen Mission auf den deutschen Marianen 1910." [The mission chronicles. State of the German missions on the German Marianas]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 44. Statistical table setting out the key indicators of missionary activity on Saipan and Rota. | |
| Lehmann, Gallus. 1911. "Zur Missionschronik. Statistik von Saipan-Marianen." [The mission chronicles. Statistics of Saipan, Marianas]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 44. Provides demographic data on the congregation on Saipan (Garapan, Neuheim and Tanapag) from 1905 to 1910. The data include births and deaths (by age classes) and the number of marriages. | |
| Madre, Corbinian. 1910. "Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Tagesordnung the Pater Corbinian." [Pictures from Missionary life. The daily life of Pater Corbinian]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1909. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1909]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 28-32. Narrative of a usual day in the life of Pater Corbinian on Rota. Provides some information on the religious and school instruction, including Chamorro phrases. Contains a photo of Pater Corbinian in front of the stone church of Tanapag. | |
| Möhring, Catharina. 1910. "Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Im Dysenterie-Haus." [Pictures from Missionary life. In the Dysentery Station]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1909. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1909]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 32-33. Describes the treatment of dysentery victims of the German New Guinea police force on Pohnpei. Contains a letter from Georg Fritz. | |
| Müller, Kilian. 1910. "Der Missionsgedanke und seine Verwirklichung." [The concept of missions and its realisation]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1910]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 1-6. Overview of the missionary rationale in general and in Micronesia in particular. Some discussions of the contributions to be made by donors. | |
| Müller, Kilian. 1910. "Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Ozeanien. die Kapuzinermission auf den Marianen, Karolinen und Palauinseln." [News from the Missions. Oceania. The Capuchin mission on the Mariana, Caroline and Palau Islands]. Die katholischen Missionen 39, p. 204. Summary of the occupation of German Micronesia by the Japanese and the fate of missions. The difficulties with the postal service are highlighted.
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| Müller, Kilian. 1910. "Zur Missionschronik." [Missions chronicles]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1909. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1909]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 7-18. Overview of the missionary activities on Palau, Yap, Pohnpei and Saipan. A list of all missionaries and their postings, as well as congregational statistics are given. With pictures of Brother Georg who died on Yap shortly after his arrival in Micronesia; the old and the new mission houses on Palau; the missionaries on Pohnpei; the hand-over of the Marianas from Spanish to German missionaries; a house on Saipan.
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| Müller, Kilian. 1911. "Die Mission im Allgemeinen." [The concept of missions and its realisation]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 1-8. Overview of the missionary rationale in general and in Micronesia in particular. Some discussions of the contributions to be made by donors. Contains images of Brothers Severin Oppermann and Placidus Müller. | |
| Müller, Kilian. 1911. "Zur Missionschronik. Errichtung zweier Apostolischen Vikariate." [The mission chronicles. Establishment of two apostolic vicariates]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 43-44. Item on the establishment of an apostolic vicariate for Guam, and a vicariate for the (northern) Marianas and the Carolines. Comprises a brief history of the Capuchin mission. Contains a photograph of a Chamorro family. | |
| Reichstag. 1904. "Missionsberichte." [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1902-1903. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1. Sessionsabschnitt, 1903/1904. I. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 347. Annual report on the state of the mission in the Islands Territory with general statistics and lists of congregations. | |
| Reichstag. 1908. "Appendix E II: Missionsberichte." [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/1907. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 245. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 4137. Annual government report on the state of the protectorate. Provides a state of the missons in the region. The section on the Marianas repeats outdated Spanish sources. | |
| Reichstag. 1909. "Missionsberichte." [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/1908. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 252. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 7169. Annual report on the state of the mission in the Islands Territory with general statistics and lists of congregations. | |
| Reichstag. 1911. "Missionsberichte." [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/1909. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session vol. 271. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 1033-1034. Annual report on the state of the mission in the Islands Territory with general statistics. | |
| Schmidlin, Joseph. 1913. "Die Kapuziner Mission auf den Karolinen und Marianen." [The Capuchin mission on the Carolines and the Marianas]. In: Schmidlin, Joseph (ed.), Die Katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Münster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Pp. 197-206. Brief overview of the Catholic mission history in Western Micronesia. Includes among others photographs of the mission at Melegeok (Palau) and of the Catholic church in Garapan.
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| Walleser, Salvator. 1915. "Die Besetzung der Marianen und Karolinen durch die Japaner." [The occupation of the Marianas and Carolines by the Japanese]. Die Katholischen Missionen 44, pp. 64-66. Brief eyewitness account of the Japanese occupation of Pohnpei. Mentions the arrival of the German squadron on 17 July which stayed until 5 August. The news of the declaration of war was received via the radio transmitters of the warships, and quickly relayed to all on the island. The Japanese occupation on 7 October is described. Given the arrival of six warships resistance was not an option. Describes the Japanese searching mission property and the fact that nothing had been taken despite abundant opportunity. The difficulties with the postal service are highlighted.
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