German Colonial Administration

   

This section deals with the literature regarding the actual administration of the German Marianas and publications that have a bearing on the issue. A large number of items included here are brief articles published without attribution in the two major colonial journals, the official Deutsches Kolonialblatt and the Deutsche Kolonialzeitung published by the German Colonial Society.
      A large segment deals with the annual colonial budgets and reports [cf 159, 163, 195, 206] and public summaries and reviews of these in the colonial journals [cf 161, 168, 172]. In addition there is a range of annual statistical summaries for the colonies [cf 181, 185, 191], guides to careers in the colonial service [cf 177, 524, 526] and reports on colonial organisations [cf 157, 180].
      The bulk of entries in this section deal with the colonial legislation. Because of the distances involved and unreliability of communications in the early days of administration in German Micronesia, the district administrations had authority to pass legislation and regulations specifically for their district. This led to a plethora of local regulations being promulgated and published [cf 309, 310, 318, 321, 325] which subsequently had to be repealed and consolidated [cf 242, 343, 347]. In addition, there are the enabling acts promulgated by the colonial section (later colonial office) in Berlin [cf 225, 231, 197] as well as by the Governor of the Islands Territory on the occasion of the take-over from the Spanish authorities [cf 255, 256] and a range of news items discussing the new regulations [cf 227, 228, 249, 250]. Although not specifically written for the Marianas or German Micronesia, some items have been included here as they illustrate the level of German administrative regulation [cf 241, 275]. Annual compilations of acts exist [cf 334, 397, 440], but not a consolidated codex. A few comparative studies of legislation [cf 406, 425, 479, 497, 525] and legislative powers [cf 480, 481, 483, 485, 504] have been produced, often as PhD theses. A major point of debate was the legality or desirability of mixed marriages [cf 474, 475, 487].
      The literature on the legal system in the Marianas comprises annual statistics [cf 450, 451, 456, 470, 489] as well as news items on structural changes [cf 443, 486, 523] or law enforcement [cf 446], including corporal punishment [cf 476, 477]. Some research had been carried out on indigenous concepts of law and its enforcement [cf 444, 483, 484, 485, 500] but most of the work focussed on other parts of the colonies. A number of sources describe the arrest and deportation of Samoan chiefs to Saipan [cf 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, 501, 502].
The administrative structure of the Marianas and German Micronesia in general are discussed in major treatises [cf 523, 529] and reported in news items in the colonial papers [cf 505] as are personnel items [cf 506, 508, 513].
      There are articles on the German schools on Saipan [cf 533, 535, 545, 556, 562] and Rota [cf 557] which can be contrasted with German schools in other South Seas colonies [cf 532, 539, 543, 551] and the advanced school in Jiazhou [cf 533, 536, 538]. A number of school books are included in this segment to illustrate the coverage of German Micronesia and the Marianas in mainstream high school texts [cf 547, 549, 559].
      A small number of publications deal with public infrastructure, mainly guide books and practical hints [cf 573, 574]. The German colonial administration was not only tasked with the management of the respective colony but also with fostering and carrying out scientific research-mainly collecting specimens for the Imperial museums [cf 578, 579, 583, 588] and experimentation with plants and animals for acclimatisation in the colonies [cf 585, 587].

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General Colonial Administration

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155   

Anon. 1888. "Die deutsche Schutzherrschaft." [German protective sovereignty]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 5, pp. 255-256.

Review of the nascent system of protectorates.


156   

Anon. 1890. "Wiederspruch zwischen dem Karolinenvertrage und der deutschen Schutzerklärung über die Providence Inseln." [Discrepancy between the Treaty on the Carolines and the declaration of a German Protectorate over the Providence Group]. Petermanns Mitteilungen 36, p. 304.

Clarification note on the apparent discrepancy between the Treaty on the Carolines and the declaration of a German Protectorate over Enewetok, whereby under the treaty Enewetok and Ujelang should be Spanish.


157   

Anon. 1900. "Kolonialrath." [The Colonial Advisory Board]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 862-869.

Item on the deliberations of the Colonial Advisory Board. Useful item as it sets out the general attitudes toward the German colonies at the time of the take-over of Spanish Micronesia.


158   

Anon. 1900. "Südsee." [South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, p. 161.

Brief news item, mentioning that the newly acquired colonies of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands would be administered from New Guinea, and that in all areas the acquisition of land by Europeans had been prohibited. The establishment of a shipping line by the Norddeutscher Lloyd connecting New Guinea and the Eastern Carolines with HongKong and by the Jaluit Gesellschaft throughout Micronesia are announced.
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159   

Anon. 1901. "Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds. (Beihülfe zur Förderung der auf die Erschliessung Zentralafrikas und anderer Länder gerichteten wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen.) Berichtsjahr 1900/01." [Memorandum on the use of the 'Africa budget' (contribution to the advancement of research of central Africa and other countries) for the year 1900/01]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 6 Beilage (supplement).

Uncritical review of the report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands.


160   

Anon. 1902. "Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds." [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 10. Legislatur-Periode II. Session 1900/1902. 5. Anlageband Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 31-51.

Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands.


161   

Anon. 1903. "Die Denkschriften über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete." [Report on the development of the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 6, pp. 51-52.

Uncritical review of the government's annual report for the administrative year 1901/1902.
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162   

Anon. 1903. "Vorträge." [Lectures]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 3, p. 27.

Item on lectures given by members of the Colonial Society. Lists Arno Senfft (then on furlough) as giving lectures on German Micronesia in Koblenz and Wiesbaden.
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163   

Anon. 1904. "Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds." [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 11. Legislatur-Periode I. Session, Erster Sessionsabschnitt 1903/1904. 1. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 453-455.

Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in Micronesia.


164   

Anon. 1906. "Die Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete." [Reports on the development in the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, no. 8, pp. 49-50.

Review of the annual report, mainly focussing on the achievements in Africa.
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165   

Anon. 1906. "Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds." [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 11. Legislatur-Periode II. Session, Erster Sessionsabschnitt 1905/ 1906. 4. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 30-37.

Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in German Micronesia.


166   

Anon. 1906. "Die Etats der Schutzgebiete." [The budgets for the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, no. 50, pp. 490-491.

Summary of the colonial budgets for 1906, focussing on the African colonies. The limited treatment of the South Pacific colonies demonstrates the low rank they occupied in the greater scheme of things.
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167   

Anon. 1906. "übersicht über die seit der letzten Tagung vorgefallenen, die Schutzgebiete betreffenden wichtigeren Ereignisse." [Overview of major events which occurred in the protectorates since the last meeting]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 416.

The effects of the typhoons in Micronesia are mentioned, as is the administrative reorganisation of the Marshall Islands, which now formed a district of the Islands Territory rather than a separate entity.
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168   

Anon. 1907. "Der Kolonialetat für 1908." [The colonial budget for 1908]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, no. 47, pp. 473-475.

Brief discussion of the German budget for the colonies for the financial year 1908. Most of the discussion focusses on the colonies in Africa.


169   

Anon. 1908. "Einige Zahlen zum Kolonialetat 1909." [A few figures relating to the 1909 colonial budget]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, pp. 872-873.

Tabular summary of the 1909 colonial budget. Data are presented at a very general and abstract level.
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170   

Anon. 1909. "Die Denkschriften über die Südseekolonien." [Report on the South Sea colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 5, pp. 82-83.

Brief item summarising the development of the German colonies in the previous financial year. The paper deplores that the number of whites in Micronesia was decreasing.
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171   

Anon. 1909. "Japaner auf den Marshall Inseln." [Japanese on the Marshall Islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23-2, no. 27, pp. 36-37.

Report on the unauthorised Japanese feather collecting activities on Bokak Atoll. An example of the tensions between Japanese traders and businesses and the German colonial administration.
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172   

Anon. 1910. "Ausbau und Verbreitung der Jahresberichte über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete." [Improvement and amplification of the annual reports on development in the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, pp. 732-734.

Comment on the nature, presentation and distribution of the annual reports on the development of the German colonies. Comments that the reports are a unique source of information, but also that they are very cumbersome and voluminous.


173   

Anon. 1913. "Die nächsten Ziele der deutschen Kolonialpolitik." [The next aims of German colonial policy]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 22, pp. 359-360.

Discussion of the state of colonial policy, expressing dissatisfaction with Germany's gains in Africa, but highlighting that this was not sufficient reason for a war with other colonial powers.
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174   

Bismarck, Otto von and Malet, Edward. 1885. "Erklärung betreffend die Abgrenzung der Deutschen und englischen Machtsphären im Westlichen Stillen Ocean." [Declaration relating to the demarcation of the German and British spheres of influence in the Western Pacific Ocean]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 6. Legislatur-Periode II. Session 1884/1885. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Vol. 6 Band. Anlagen zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages nr. 237 bis 315, no. 291, pp. 1570-1571.

Text of the treaty dividing up the German and British interests in the Western Pacific. Germany gives the Solomon Islands with the exception of Bougainville to Great Britain, while Britain gives up all claims to the Central Pacific north of Kiribati. The spheres of interest over Tonga and Samoa are excluded.


175   

Bismarck, Otto von and Malet, Edward. 1885. "Erklärung betreffend die gegenseitige Handels- und Vekehrsfreiheit in den deutschen und englischen Besitzungen und Schutzgebieten im Westlichen Stillen Ozean." [Declaration relating to the reciprocal freedom of trade and commerce in the German and British possessions and protectorates in the Western Pacific]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 6. Legislatur-Periode II. Session 1884/1885. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Vol. 6 Band. Anlagen zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages nr. 237 bis 315, no. 291, pp. 1572-1573.

Text of the treaty providing for free trade in the area.


176   

Deeken, Richard. 1914. "Die Rassenmischung in Samoa." [The mixing of races in Samoa]. Koloniale Monatsblätter 16, no. 5, pp. 122-135.

Reviews the interracial marriages on Samoa in the light of the debate on such marriages through the German colonies. Deeken argues that the intellectual level of the Samoan women is below that of the expatriates, even though some 'have been pulled up near to that level.' Argues that while mixed marriages are undesirable, there are insufficient unmarried white women in Samoa (about 20), with about half above the 'marriageable age of 30.' The author criticised that even German administrators have married part-Samoan women.
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177   

Deutscher Flottenverein. 1902. "Der deutsche Kolonialdienst." [The German colonial service]. Wegweiser zu den Laufbahnen in der Kriegs- und Handelsflotte, im Kolonial- und Konsulardienst. 3rd edition. Berlin: Deutscher Flottenverein. Pp. 123-125.

Handbook entry on careers in the German colonial service, including levels of remuneration.
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178   

Girschner, Max. 1902. "Medizinalberichte." [Medical Reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1900/1901. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1900/1902. V. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 3097-3098.

Annual medical report for Pohnpei and Saipan.


179   

Girschner, Max. 1905. "Polizeitruppe in Ponape." [Police force on Pohnpei]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 286.

Report on a programme to employ Carolineans as part of the local police force. It was hoped that this would also lead to a gradual assimilation as well as a development of a trained group of translators.
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180   

Hahl, Louise. 1909. "Frauenbund." [Women's Organisation]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 1, no. 20, pp. 1-4.

Report on the establishment of the Women's Organisation of the German colonial society; includes membership statistics and lists as well as budgetary matters and organisational regulations.
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181   

Herfurth, Alfred. 1903. "Deutscher Kolonialkalender und Statistisches Handbuch für das Jahr 1904." [German colonial calendar and statistical handbook for the year 1904]. Sechtzehnter Jahrgang. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial-Verlag (G Meinecke).

Handbook of the German colonies with entries on annual holidays, personnel in the colonial administration both in Berlin and in the colonies as well as associated agencies; and staff of the department of oriental languages (Berlin). The handbook also contains a list of lectures and educational units offered by that institute with an aim of preparing future colonial officers for their duties. A list of post offices in the colonies as well as a section on applicable postal rates is included. A section deals with a summary account of the German and other trading companies operating in the islands. Also provides a list of missions and the size of the congregations. A section on the regulations for admission to the German colonial service.
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182   

Hoffmann, Florian. 2001. "Georg Fritz: Die übernahme der Marianen unter deutsche Oberhoheit (1899)." [Georg Fritz. The transfer of the Marianas to German control 1899]. Mitteilungsblatt. Traditionsverbad ehemaliger Schutz- und überseetruppen-Freunde der früheren deutschen Schutzgebiete 45, no. 87, pp. 26-36.

Introduction to the Narrative of the activities of the German take-over in 1899, as seen through the eyes of Georg Fritz. Some biographical details of Georg Fritz are presented.


183   

König, B. von. 1911. "Der Kolonialetat für 1911." [The colonial budget for 1911]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 7, pp. 105-107.

Review of the colonial budget for 1911, mainly focussing on the projected developments in the German African colonies. New Guinea and the Islands Territory are dealt with as one entity. The lessened need for an Imperial subsidy is lauded.
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184   

König, B. von. 1914. "Die Kolonialverwaltung der Europäischen Staaten." [Colonial administration by the European states]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 9, pp. 147-148.

Brief discussion comparing the forms colonial administration have taken on in various European countries.


185   

Meinecke, Gustav. 1896. "Koloniales Jahrbuch. Beträge und Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Kolonialwissenschaft und Kolonialpraxis, Das Jahr 1895." [Colonial Yearbook. Contributions and Communications from the discipline of colonial sciences and colonial practice for the year 1895]. Achter Jahrgang. Berlin: Karl Heymann Verlag.

Handbook of the German colonies with entries on annual holidays. A list of post offices in the colonies as well as a section on applicable postal rates is included. A section provides a summary account of the German and other trading companies operating in the islands. Also provides a list of missions and the size of the congregations. A section on the regulations for admission to the German colonial service.
Also contains a section on the geography of the Marianas, Carolines, Palau and the Marshall Islands.

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186   

Meinecke, Gustav. 1899. "Deutscher Kolonialkalender und Statistisches Handbuch für das Jahr 1900." [German colonial calendar and statistical handbook for the year 1904]. Zwölfter Jahrgang. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial-Verlag (G Meinecke).

Handbook of the German colonies with entries on annual holidays, personnel in the colonial administration both in Berlin and in the colonies as well as associated agencies; and staff of the department of oriental languages (Berlin). The handbook also contains a list of lectures and educational units offered by that institute with an aim of preparing future colonial officers for their duties. A list of post offices in the colonies as well as a section on applicable postal rates is included. A section deals with a summary account of the German and other trading companies operating in the islands. Also provides a list of missions and the size of the congregations. A section on the regulations for admission to the German colonial service.
Also contains a section on the geography of the Marianas, Carolines, Palau and the Marshall Islands.

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187   

Meinecke, Gustav. 1902. "Deutscher Kolonialkalender und Statistisches Handbuch für das Jahr 1903." [German colonial calendar and statistical handbook for the year 1904]. Fünfzehnter Jahrgang. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial-Verlag (G Meinecke).

Handbook of the German colonies with entries on annual holidays, personnel in the colonial administration both in Berlin and in the colonies as well as associated agencies; and staff of the department of oriental languages (Berlin). The handbook also contains a list of lectures and educational units offered by that institute with an aim of preparing future colonial officers for their duties. A list of post offices in the colonies as well as a section on applicable postal rates is included. A section deals with a summary account of the German and other trading companies operating in the islands. Also provides a list of missions and the size of the congregations. A section on the regulations for admission to the German colonial service.
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188   

Plehn, F. 1903. "Anlagen zum Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee in Jahre 1900/01." [Appendices to the annual report on the development of the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas in the year 1900/01]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenheilkunde 7, no. 5, pp. 236-239.

Review of the government report 1900/01.


189   

Prager, Erich. 1899. "Unsere neuen Erwerbungen in der Südsee." [Our new acquisitions in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, no. 27, pp. 240-241.

Item on the new acquisitions, contains the text of the treaty of acquisition, and summarises some of the budget papers preliminary to the acquisition.
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190   

Ree. 1938. "Albert Hahl zum 70. Geburtstag 10. September." [On occasion of Albert Hahl's 70th birthday on 10 September]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 50, no. 9, p. 301.

Brief item summarising the achievements of Albert Hahl, Governor of German Guinea.
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191   

Reichsamt des Inneren. 1906. Handbuch für das deutsche Reich auf das Jahr 1905. Dreissigstes Jahr [Handbook for the German Empire for the year 1905. 30th Year]. Berlin: Carl Heymanns Verlag.

Handbook listing the various government departments and the staff allocated to them, such as the colonial office and the officers posted to Micronesia as well as their rank and any decorations that they may have received.
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192   

Reichsamt des Inneren. 1906. Handbuch für das deutsche Reich auf das Jahr 1906. Einunddreissigstes Jahr. [Handbook for the German Empire for the year 1906. 31st Year]. Berlin: Carl Heymanns Verlag.

Handbook listing the various government departments and the staff allocated to them, such as the colonial office and the officers posted to Micronesia as well as their rank and any decorations that they may have received.
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193   

Reichskolonialamt. 1901. "Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds. (Beihülfe zur Förderung der auf die Erschliessung Zentralafrikas und anderer Länder gerichteten wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen.) Berichtsjahr 1900/01." [Memorandum on the use of the 'Africa budget' (contribution to the advancement of research of central Africa and other countries) for the year 1900/01]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1900/01 Anlagen, pp. 329-352.

Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands.


194   

Reichskolonialamt. 1908. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1906/1907]. Teil FII Deutsch-Neuguinea, Inselgebiet. Beilage zum Deutschen Kolonialblatt Berlin: Ernst Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 1-59.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.
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Associated photos (better scans)


195   

Reichskolonialamt. 1911. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10. [The German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1909/1910]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler.

Annual report on the economy and state of administration of the Islands Territory. Census data and health overview data are given. The Mortlockese were returned in April 1910 to their home atolls as these atolls were deemed to be sufficiently recovered. Saipan sent a Berkshire boar to start a breeding program on Chuuk, but the boar died, as did animals brought from Sydney. The cattle herds on Kiti, Pohnpei were reduced because of tick infestations. The German government herd was largely tick free, but the treatment (weekly wash with a petroleum solution) was too cumbersome for the local population. Goats were doing well, but are not liked by the islanders because they ate sprouting coconuts. Sheep were not doing well at all. Turkeys and guinea fowl introduced from Saipan were thriving. On Saipan the state of health declined due to a rampant eye infection. The lack of cleanliness of the Mortlock Islanders is criticised, who also brought with them a dysentery epidemic. Only on Rota syphilis was seen as a major problem. Three men from Saipan were sent to Jiazhou for technical education. The health system saw a development of a quarantine station on Saipan. An attempt by a Spanish investor to commercially grow Manila hemp failed because the costs were too high. A soap manufacturing company was established on Saipan, which exported its products to Guam.
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196   

Reichskolonialamt. 1912. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11. [The German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1910/11]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler.

Annual report on the economy and state of administration of the Islands Territory. Census data and health overview data are given. The main body of the text deals with the Sokeh's rebellion on Pohnpei.
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197   

Reichskolonialamt. 1912. Etat für das Schutzgebiet Neu Guinea einschliesslich der Inselbezirke der Südsee auf das Rechnungsjahr 1913. [Budget for the protectorate of New Guinea including the islands districts of the South Seas for the financial year 1913]. [Berlin]: [Reichskolonialamt].

Budget projection for the financial year 1913. Includes the salary levels of the officials. The background paper provides detailed information on the state of agricultural production, commerce and shipping.
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198   

Reichskolonialamt. 1913. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12. [The German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1911/12]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler.

Annual report on the economy and state of administration of the Islands Territory. Census data and health overview data are given. The report mentions that the fiscal administration of the Islands Territory was now fully integrated with German New Guinea proper (the 'old protectorate'). The Sokehs people deported from Pohnpei had been resettled on Palau. During the financial year typhoons affected both Rota and Jaluit.
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199   

Reichskolonialamt. 1913. Etat für das Schutzgebiet Neu Guinea einschliesslich der Inselbezirke der Südsee auf das Rechnungsjahr 1914. [Budget for the protectorate of New Guinea including the islands districts of the South Seas for the financial year 1914]. [Berlin]: [Reichskolonialamt].

Budget projection for the financial year 1913. Includes the salary levels of the officials. The background paper provides detailed information on the state of agricultural production, commerce and shipping.
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200   

Reichskolonialamt. 1914. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13. [The German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1912/13]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler.

Annual report on the economy and state of administration of the Islands Territory. Census data and health overview data are given. A typhoid epidemic spread from Palau through much of the western Caroline district, causing a few deaths.
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201   

Reichstag. 1899. "Denkschrift betreffend die Verwendung des Afrikafonds. (Beihuelfe zur Förderung der auf Erschliessung Centralafrikas und anderer Länder gerichteten wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen.)." [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa. (Financial support to further scientific endeavours directed at opening up central Africa and other countries)]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1898/99, pp. 190-200.

Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Marshall Islands. The last report of this nature before Spanish Micronesia became part of the German empire.


202   

Reichstag. 1899. "Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds." [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 10. Legislatur-Periode I. Session 1898/1900. 2. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 271.

Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Marshall Islands.


203   

Reichstag. 1901. "Denkschrift über die Entwicklung des Schutzgebietes von Deutsch Neu Guinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, und Marianen im Jahre 1899/1900." [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas. Reporting Year 1901/1902]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1898/1900. 1. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 1002-1010.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.


204   

Reichstag. 1901. "Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds." [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 10. Legislatur-Periode II. Session 1900/1902 2. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 1026-1028.

Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Marshall Islands.


205   

Reichstag. 1901. "Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds. (Beihülfe zur Förderung der auf die Erschliessung Zentralafrikas und anderer Länder gerichteten wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen). Berichtsjahr 1900/01." [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa. (Financial support to further scientific endeavours directed at opening up central Africa and other countries). Report for the year 1900/01]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1900/01 Anlagen, pp. 329-352.

Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands.


206   

Reichstag. 1902. "Deutsch Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet." [German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1900/1901. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1900/1902. V. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 2948-2953.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.


207   

Reichstag. 1903. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee. Berichtsjahr 1901/1902. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas. Reporting Year 1901/1902]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1900/1903. VIII. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 5301-5311.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics. Provides information on a variety of plants introduced for agricultural development. In addition insects were introduced to combat the outbreak of coconut scale insects.
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208   

Reichstag. 1904. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1902-1903. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1902/1903]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1. Sessionsabschnitt, 1903/1904. I. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 131-134.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.


209   

Reichstag. 1905. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1903/1904. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1903/1904]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1903/1905. 5. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 2992-2999.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.


210   

Reichstag. 1906. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1904/1905. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1904/1905]. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1. Sessionsabschnitt, 1905/1906, IV. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 2705-2960.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.
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211   

Reichstag. 1906. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1904/1905. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1904/1905]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1. Sessionsabschnitt, 1905/1906, IV. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 2641-2747.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.


212   

Reichstag. 1907. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1905/1906]. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 323-356.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.


213   

Reichstag. 1907. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1905/1906]. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 81-89.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.
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214   

Reichstag. 1908. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/1907. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1906/1907]. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 245. Berlin: Ernst Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 4117-4126.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.


215   

Reichstag. 1908. "Teil FII. Deutsch Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet." [German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Denkschrift über die Entwickelung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee im Jahre 1906/07. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislatur-Periode I. Session. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Vol. 245, no. 567-663, pp. 4117-4158.

Annual government report on the state of the protectorate. Includes data on demography, residences of European traders and planters, copra production (by island). Tables provide data in copra production, shipping, postal connections, copra tax returns and court cases.


216   

Reichstag. 1909. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/1908. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1907/1908]. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 252. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 7065-7072.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.


217   

Reichstag. 1911. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/1909. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1908/1909]. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session vol. 271. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 925-933.

Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.
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218   

Schnee, Heinrich. 1920. Deutsches Koloniallexikon. [German Colonial Encyclopedia]. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer.

Three volume encyclopedia on the German Colonies, their economy, people and so forth. A number of individual articles have been indexed separately.
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219   

Seidel, Heinrich. 1904. "Die Marianen und ihre Bedeutung als Strafkolonie (mit 2 Abbildungen)." [The Marianas and their importance as a penal colony (with 2 illustrations)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 10, pp. 93-95.

Item critical of the Japanese stranglehold on the trade in the Marianas. Comments that Japanese ships had the mail contract until late 1903. Plans by the Japanese steamer line Nippon Yusen Kaisha to establish a Yokohama-Guam steamer service are criticised as this would give Japan a perpetual monopoly. The paper contains a brief description of Rota, including a latte set. Pagan and Sarigan are described, the latter island as the penal colony of the Marianas. Two wardens look after the prisoners who are obliged to do gardening and plantation work. Seidel argues that Sarigan could serve as a penal settlement for Micronesia and beyond. A use of the Marianas as a penal colony for criminals from continental Germany is suggested. The item contains two photographs, one showing the harbour on Pagan, the other the latte set at Mochong, Rota.
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220   

Singer, Hans. 1901. "Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee im Jahre 1900." [The German Protectorates in the South Seas in the year 1900]. Globus 79, pp. 343-345.

Review of the German Colonial Office Annual Report for 1900, describing the establishment of the German administration in the Marianas. Briefly reports on Fritz's measures to improve copra output, as well as comments on the Tinian cattle herds and the population statistics. The account is overall favourable of the German administration.
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221   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. "Dr. Arthur Osswald ." [Dr. Arthur Osswald (Obituary). Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 22, pp. 835-836.

Obituary for the desk officer of the New Guinea and Pacific desk, killed in the opening months of World War I on the western front.
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222   

Volkens, Georg. 1901. "Der Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung des Schutzgebietes von Deutsch-Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebiets der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen in Jahre 1899/1900." [Annual report on the development of the New Guinea protectorate including the island territories of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas for the year 1899/1900]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, no. 12, p. 112.

Review of the annual report. Volkens mentions that development in the Marianas is limited, given the short duration of colonial development. Agriculturally, small amounts of cacao and coffee are grown on Saipan and Rota, just sufficient to satisfy the local demand.


223   

Volkens, Georg. 1901. "Karolinen, Palauinseln und Marianen." [Carolines, Palau Islands and Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, no. 1, pp. 3-4.

The author discusses the budget 1900/01 for the Islands Territory, mentions that RMk 286000 are planned. The main income source in the Marianas will remain as the head tax. While the cattle herds provide an income source, the export of live cattle will not be very successful as the Marianas cannot compete with China and Japan in that regard. The main value of the Tinian cattle are their hides for leather production. Comments that the single steamer projected for the Islands Territory will not be sufficient.


224   

Wohltmann, F. 1908. "Die nationale und ethische Bedeutung unserer Kolonien." [The national and ethical importance of our colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, pp. 137-138.

Review of the Wohltmann book of the same title. Favourably comments on the developments in the German colonies and argues that Germany deserved colonies as it had done so much for the cultural development of the colonised peoples.
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Legislation

.

225   

Anon. 1900. "Erteilung von Ermächtigungen zur Beurkundung des Personenstandes im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Authorisation to document vital statistics in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 18, p. 704.

The district administrators in Yap, Pohnpei and Saipan are authorised to perform civil marriages and to formally record and certify births and deaths.
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226   

Anon. 1900. "Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa." [New Guinea, Marianas and Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 41, p. 474.

News item summarising developments in the region. Mentioned are a series of regulations promulgated by Georg Fritz for Saipan, such as the tax on butchering animals, the head tax as well as the prohibition for the sale and ownership of firearms.
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227   

Anon. 1900. "Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa." [Review: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 41, pp. 474-475.

Item on Fritz's orders for the Marianas, among them the slaughtering tax and the head tax as well as regulations on the ownership of weapons and the tapping of tuba.


228   

Anon. 1900. "Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa." [Overview: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 10, p. 107.

Item mentioning that the acquisition of real estate by non indigenous peoples in the Islands Territory was declared illegal.


229   

Anon. 1900. "Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa." [Overview: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 28, p. 319.

Brief item on the regulation outlawing the sale of alcohol to the islanders in the Islands Territory.


230   

Anon. 1900. "Verbot der Verabfolgung von Waffen, Munition, Sprengstoffen und alkoholhaltigen Getränken an Eingebore in dem Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 17 Oktober 1899." [Ordinance banning weapons, munitions, explosives and alcoholic beverages being delivered to islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe, 1900, p. 485.

It is illegal to sell weapons, ammunition and explosives to the natives and other 'coloureds' in the territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas. All stocks of spirits and weapons, which due to their quality are not suited for sale to Europeans, must be declared within four months to the local district administration. A penalty of three months or a fine of RMk 1000 can be levied. Further, the district administration may confiscate all weapons and spirits in excess of needs for private use.
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231   

Anon. 1900. "Verfügung betreffend die Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 24. Juli 1899." [Regulation regarding the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe 1900, pp. 67-68.

The administration of the Islands Territory is placed under the Governor of German New Guinea, establishing a Vice-Governor in Pohnpei and district administrators in Yap and Saipan. The administrators have the power of consular officers and have control over maritime laws in their areas.
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232   

Anon. 1901. "Erteilung von Ermächtigungen zur Beurkundung des Personenstandes in Deutsch-Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Authorisation to document vital statistics in German New Guinea, inclusive the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 181-182.

District administrators are empowered to perform civil marriages and records births, death and marriages.
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233   

Anon. 1901. "Geldrechnung und gesetzliche Zahlungsmittel im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Currency and legal tender in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe, 1901, p. 25.

Reprint of the regulation stipulating that German Marks are legal tender in the Marianas and specifying that all bank notes and the following coins are allowed to circulate: twenty mark pieces, ten Mark pieces, one Taler pieces, five Mark pieces as well as 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 Pfennig pieces. The finance section of the administration was also directed to accept English pounds (in gold) at an exchange value of 20.30 Marks.
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234   

Anon. 1903. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Sixth Part 1901 to 1902]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Sixth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to the Mariana Islands.


235   

Anon. 1903. "Grundsätze für die Namesgebung, Namesübersetzung, Schreib- und Sprechweise der geographischen Namen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Principles for the naming, translation of names, spelling and pronunciation of geographical names in the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 17, pp. 453-454.

Regulation attempting to curb the tendency of local administrators to change geographic names. The documentation and continued use of local names is to be pursued diligently. Arbitrary change of historically established names is to be avoided, including the translation into German. Details on rules to develop recommended spellings are provided.
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236   

Anon. 1904. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Seventh Part 1903]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Seventh volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to the Marshall Islands. .
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237   

Anon. 1905. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Achter Band 1904. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Eighth volume 1904]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

The eigth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation contains no legislation specifically applicable to the Mariana Islands.


238   

Anon. 1906. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Neunter Band 1905. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Ninth volume 1905]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Ninth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to the Mariana Islands.
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239   

Anon. 1906. "Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg." [Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 291.

Review of the company's annual report to its shareholders, highlighting the losses incurred as a result of the 1905 typhoons.


240   

Anon. 1907. "Beförderung von Leichen auf den Seewege." [Transportation of corpses via ships]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, no. 34, p. 346.

Brief item announcing the new regulation on transporting corpses via normal shipping services. Where corpses originate from countries with known occurrences of Cholera, Plague, Smallpox or Yellow fever special medical certification was required.
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241   

Anon. 1907. "Vorschriften der Kolonialverwaltung über Lieferung, Verpackung und Versendung von amtlich bestellten Bedarfsgegenständen für die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee, vom 1. April 1907." [Regulations of the colonial administration regarding the supply, packaging and sending of officially required materials for the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, pp. 711-722.

Set of regulations prescribing in great detail how items could be ordered from suppliers, which conditions suppliers had to fulfil to obtain government contracts, how payment would occur and how the items that were ordered had to be packaged and shipped. (Included to demonstrate the level of administrative detail).
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242   

Anon. 1909. "Verbot der Einfuhr und des Vertriebs von getragenen Stoffen und Bekleidungsgegenständen im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln." [Prohibition of the import and sale of worn cloth and clothing in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe pp. 606-607.

Housekeeping regulation, extending the applicability of the 'Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the ban on the importation of and trade in used items of clothing, dated 27 September 1903' to the Islands Territory.
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243   

Anon. 1911. "Einführung des deutschen Mass- und Gewichtssystem im Schutzgebiet Neuguinea, vom 20. Juli 1911." [The introduction of the German systems of measurements and weights to the Protectorate of New Guinea, dated 20 July 1911]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 1675.

The metric system of measurements is declared the sole legal system. All scales must comply.
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244   

Anon. 1911. "Eingeborenenbesteuerung in Deutsch-Mikronesien." [Taxation of indigenous peoples in German Micronesia]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 1, p. 11.

Item on the new head tax for the Islands Territory, effective 7 October 1910. Mentions taxation levels for persons living in German Micronesia, including the levying of public labour obligations.
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245   

Anon. 1911. "Die Regelung des Verkehrs in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln (Hafenordnung für Neuguinea), vom 23. Januar 1911." [The regulation of shipping in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls (harbour regulations for New Guinea), dated 23 January 1911]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe pp. 627-628.

Regulation determining the legal ports of entry (in the Islands Territory: Jaluit, Nauru, Saipan, Yap, Pohnpei, Angaur) and the obligations of vessels arriving in the protectorate. A housekeeping provision that repeals all previous regulations in force in the protectorate.
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246   

Anon. 1911. "Vorschriften für die Ernte von Kokosnüssen für den Bezirk der Westkarolinen, Marianen und Palau Inseln." [Regulations for the district of the western Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands regarding the harvest of coconuts]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 1675.

Coconuts must be dehusked on the land they come from and can only be moved if the husk is left behind. Exempt are nuts removed for planting purposes and nuts destined for human and animal consumption.
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247   

Anon. 1911. "Zollfreiheit für Sendungen zum Zwecke wissenschaftlicher Forschung in Deutsch-Neuguinea." [Exemption from customs levy for items used for scientific research in German New Guinea]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 1675.

Samples and goods sent to and from the Department of Tropical Diseases and Tropical Hygiene of the Berlin Institute of Infectious Diseases or sent by the Hamburg Institute of Marine- and Tropical Diseases are exempt from customs levy.
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248   

Anon. 1912. "Bestimmungen für die Annahme von Tierärzten zum Dienst in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten." [Guidelines for the licensing of veterinarians for duty in the African and South Seas protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 1, p. 5.

Guidelines for the hiring of veterinarians for colonial service. Applicants must be licensed in Germany, have three years prior work experience, must not be older than 33 years of age and preferably be unmarried.
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249   

Anon. 1912. "Erhöhung der Kopfsteuer in Neuguinea." [The raising of head tax in New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 33, pp. 573-574.

Brief notice on the increase of the capitation (head) tax in German New Guinea.
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250   

Anon. 1912. "Neuguinea gegen die Einwanderung Mittelloser." [New Guinea opposes the immigration of indigents]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 16, pp. 264-265.

Brief item outlining the implications of the German New Guinea legislation preventing the immigration of persons without adequate financial means.
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251   

Anon. 1912. "Quarantänevorschriften für die Seeschiffe in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuiguinea, einschliesslich der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 7 März 1912." [Quarantine regulations for sea going vessels in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Carolines, Palau, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands, dated 7 March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 21, p. 1038.

Notice for the new quarantine regulations.
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252   

Anon. 1913. "Die Einfuhr von Tieren ins Schutzgebiet." [The import of animals to the protectorate]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, no. 11, pp. 133-134.

Overview paper setting out the rationale for legislation regulating the import of animals to the protectorate of German New Guinea.
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253   

Bartels, Ed. 1902. "Verlust der Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeit durch zehnjährigen Aufenthalt im Ausland." [Loss of Imperial citizenship after ten years' residence abroad]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 50, pp. 506-507.

The first German Colonial Congress proposed that the law governing German citizenship be amended. Until then a ten year absence abroad would automatically result in the loss of German citizenship. It is argued that this was an anachronistic rule no longer in keeping with the reality and the colonial ambitions of Germany.
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254   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1900. "Verordnung betreffend das Verbot der Verabfolgung von Waffen, Munition, Sprengstoffen und alkoholhaltigen Getränken an Eingeborene in dem Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 17. Oktober 1899." [Ordinance banning weapons, munitions, explosives and alcoholic beverages being delivered to islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 13, p. 496.

It is illegal to sell weapons, ammunition and explosives to the natives and other 'coloureds' in the territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas. All stocks of spirits and weapons, which due to their quality are not suited for sale to Europeans, must be declared within four months to the local district administration. A penalty of three months or a fine of RMk 1000 can be levied. Further, the district administration may confiscate all weapons and spirits in excess of needs to private use.
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255   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1900. "Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Deutsch Neuguinea, betreffend Geldrechnung und gesetzliche Zahlungsmittel im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palaus und Marianen, vom 20. September 1900." [Regulations of the Imperial Governor of German New Guinea regarding money conversion and legal tender in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 September 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, p. 932.

Regulation stipulating that German Marks are legal tender in the Marianas and specifying that all bank notes and that the following coins are allowed to circulate: twenty Mark pieces, ten Mark pieces, one Taler pieces, five Mark pieces as well as 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 Pfennig pieces. The finance section of the administration was also directed to accept English pounds (in gold) at an exchange value of 20.30 Marks.
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256   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1900. "Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Deutsch Neu-Guinea betr[effend] die Aufhebung spanischer Bestimmungen für das Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Regulation by the Imperial Governor of New Guinea regarding the repeal of Spanish ordinances for the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas[. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 125.

Housekeeping regulation dated Yap, 4 November 1899, repealing all Spanish regulations and ordinances regarding the administration of the Marianas, Carolines and Palau Islands.
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257   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1901. "Nachtrag's-Verordnung des kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea zur Verordnung vom 10. August 1899, betreffend Erkrankungen und Einfuhr von Rindvieh." [Additional regulation by the Imperial Governor of German New Guinea respective of the regulation 10 August 1899 regarding illness among cattle and the import of cattle]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 23, p. 855.

Prohibits the introduction of livestock, as well as transfer of livestock from New Guinea to the Islands Territory, unless the animals have been washed down with a tar solution to rid the animals of ticks.
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258   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1901. "Verordnung betreffend das Verbot der Verabfolgung von Waffen, Munition, Sprengstoffen und alkoholhaltigen Getränken an Eingeborene in dem Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 17. Oktober 1899." [Ordinance banning weapons, munitions, explosives and alcoholic beverages being delivered to islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 7.

It is illegal to sell weapons, ammunition and explosives to the natives and other 'coloureds' in the territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas. All stocks of spirits and weapons, which due to their quality are not suited for sale to Europeans, must be declared within four months to the local district administration. A penalty of three months or a fine of RMk 1000 can be levied. Further, the district administration may confiscate all weapons and spirits in excess of needs to private use.
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259   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1901. "Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Deutsch Neuguinea, betreffend Geldrechnung und gesetzliche Zahlungsmittel im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palaus und Marianen, vom 20. September 1900." [Regulations of the Imperial Governor of German New Guinea regarding money conversion and legal tender in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 September 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 147.

Regulation stipulating that German Marks are legal tender in the Marianas and specifying that all bank notes and that the following coins are allowed to circulate: twenty Mark pieces, ten Mark pieces, one Taler pieces, five Mark pieces as well as 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 Pfennig pieces. The finance section of the administration was also directed to accept English pounds (in gold) at an exchange value of 20.30 Marks.
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260   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. "Auszug aus der Verordnung betreffend die Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Extract from the regulation regarding the structure of the administration and the legal situation in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 2 July 1899]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 221.

The regulation establishes the structure of the administration in the Islands Territory subordinate to the Governor in New Guinea, determines the level of chief administrator appointments in Saipan, Yap (both district administrators) and Pohnpei (Vice-Governor), and sets out the powers of jurisdiction and jurisprudence held by the administrators.
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261   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea betreffend den Handel fremder Schiffe im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Marianen und Palau vom 14. Oktober 1899." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the trade by foreign ships in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau dated 14 October 1899]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 226-227.

All vessels that do not belong to a trading company with seat in German New Guinea, the Marshall Islands or the new Islands Territory have to report at a port of entry prior to trading in the territory. All weapons on board must be for self use and may not be traded. Weapons deemed in excess of need for self protection may be impounded. A schedule of fees is included.
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262   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea betreffend den Handel fremder Schiffe im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Marianen und Palau vom 14. August 1900." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the trade by foreign ships in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau dated 14 August 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 251-252.

All vessels that do not belong to a trading company with seat in German New Guinea, the Marshall Islands or the new Islands Territory have to report at a port of entry prior to trading in the territory. All weapons on board must be for self use and may not be traded. Weapons deemed in excess of need for self protection may be impounded. A schedule of fees is included.
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263   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, betreffend den Handel mit Kokosüssen im Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neu-Guinea mit Ausschluß des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the trade in coconuts in the protectorate of German New Guinea excluding the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 221.

The regulation prohibits anyone buying coconuts from local people unless the nuts are destined for human or animal consumption, or are to be used as seed nuts.
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264   

Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guniea betreffend die Erhaltung der Disziplin unter farbigen Arbeitern." [Regulation by the governer of German New Guinea rgarding upholding discipline among coloured workers]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 248.

The regulation stipulates the level of corporal punishment that may be meted out to hired workers.
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265   

Berg, Victor. 1903. "Verordnung des Vizegouverneurs im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, betreffend die Einrichtung von Grundbuchbezirken, vom 14. Juli 1903." [Ordinance of the Vice-Governor of the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas concerning the establishment of land registry districts, dated 14 July 1903]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 21, p. 577.

The land registers established on 26 November 1899 in Saipan etc are regarded as formal registers as required under the new act.
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266   

Berg, Victor. 1904. "Verordnung des Vizegouverneurs im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, betreffend die Einrichtung von Grundbuchbezirken, vom 14. Juli 1903." [Ordinance of the Vice-Governor of the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas concerning the establishment of land registry districts, dated 14 July 1903]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 14.

The land registers established on 26 November 1899 in Saipan etc are regarded as formal registers as required under the new act.


267   

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von. 1907. "Verordnung des Reichskanzlers betreffend Abänderung der Vorschriften vom 31. Mai 1901, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom 11 Juli 1911." [Order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the alterations of the regulations of 31 May 1901 regarding leave, temporary replacement, per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for officials in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou, dated 11 July 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 706.

The regulation allows officers to have the duration of their voyages to and from the destination for vacation not deducted from their vacation period if they agree to serve that period in addition to the normal three-year stipulated contract period.


268   

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von. 1908. "Bekanntmachung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die Vorlegungsfristen für Auslandsschecks, vom 19. März 1908." [Proclamation of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the waiting period for foreign cheques]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 20, p. 995.

Regulation governing the permissible time within which cheques drawn on German banks, but issued overseas, have to be presented at the bank. For the German protectorates a period of three months was stipulated.
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269   

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von. 1911. "Ausführungsbestimmungen zu dem Gesetz betreffend Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Kolonialbeamten vom 7. September 1911 für die Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom 9 Oktober 1911." [Bye-laws to the law of 7 September 1911 regarding the per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for colonial officers in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou, dated 9 October 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 21, pp. 783-786.

Regulations determining the level of payments to administrators.
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270   

Bezirksamtmann Yap. 1912. "Zusatzbestimmungen zu der Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend die Regelung des Verkehrs in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln (Hafenordnung für Neuguinea) vom 23 Januar 1911. von 13, März 1911 und 1. Februar 1912." [Additional sections to the Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the regulation of shipping in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls (harbour regulations for New Guinea), dated 23 January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 18, p. 826.

Minor amendment to the harbour regulations. A nice example of the convoluted language used in the titles of administrative acts.
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271   

Bornhak, Conrad. 1891. "Das Recht der Eingeborenen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The rights of indigenous peoples in German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 8, no. 11, pp. 145-146.

Overview on the legal status of the indigenous inhabitants of the German colonies, and the extent and validity of treaties made between German merchants and administrators on the one hand, and the local communities on the other. Considers the implications of the new colonial legislation.
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272   

Buchka, von. 1903. "Runderlass der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes betreffend den Häuserbau in den Tropen vom 8. Mai 1899." [Circular ordinance by the colonial section of the Foreign office regarding the construction of houses in the tropics, dated 8 May 1899]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 207-208.

Regulation governing the placement, dimensions and methods of construction of houses of German civil servants in the tropics to reduce the impact of local communicable diseases.
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273   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1901. "Verfügung betreffend die Regelung des gerichtlichen Kostenwesens in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee." [Ordinance regarding the regulation of court costs in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 23, pp. 853-854.

Regulates the costs allowed to be charged.
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274   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1901. "Verordnung wegen Abänderung und Ergänzung der Verordnung vom 9. August 1896, betreffend die Rechtsverhältnisse der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten." [Regulation regarding the amendment of the Regulation of 9 August 1896 regarding the legal status of the administrators in the protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 12, p. 425.

The regulation sets out the employment conditions of the administrators including provisions for pensions, civil servant status and ongoing employment in the case of subsequent unfitness for tropical duty.
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275   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1901. "Vorschriften, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou." [Regulations regarding leave, temporary replacement, per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for officials in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 11, pp. 426-428.

Paid home leave was earned after three years of service in the German South Seas (compared to eighteen months in Cameroon). The maximum leave was four months, plus travel time. The ticket was paid, but all food expenses on board ship were deducted from the salary. Vacation within the protectorates could be authorised up to 45 days duration by the Governor.
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276   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1903. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend den Erwerb von Rechten an herrenlosem und Eingeborenenland im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 2. Juli 1901." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the acquisition of rights over unoccupied and indigenously owned land in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas, dated 2 July 1901]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 358-359.

The acquisition of unoccupied and otherwise unused land is the prerogative of the German administration. All other regulations are herewith repealed.
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277   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1903. "Verfügung zur Ausführung des Abschnittes IX der Kaiserlichen Verordnung über die Enteignung von Grundeigentum in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee." [Ordinance to implement section IX of the Imperial decree on the expropriation of real estate in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 22, pp. 605-606.

Land owned by non-natives which is not used appropriately can be expropriated and handed to the native population.
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278   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1904. "Verfügung wegen Ergänzung der Vorschriften, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom, 31. May 1901." [Directive regarding the amendment of the regulations concerning the holiday, temporary replacement, per diems, travel and removal costs of the administrators in the protectorates with the exception of Jiaozhou, dated 31 May 1901]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 226.

Housekeeping regulation. Directs the administrators of German New Guinea (and by implication German Micronesia) that the travel times between their posting and their holiday location in Australia, Polynesia or Indonesia will not be counted as part of the annual leave allocation. The actual passage costs will be borne by the administration subject to their inclusion in the annual budgets.
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279   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1904. "Vorschriften, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom 7. März 1904." [Regulations regarding leave, temporary replacement, per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for officials in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou, dated 7 March 1904]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, no. 8, p. 226.

Prescribes the financial arrangements for vacational voyages from the German protectorates to Australia, Polynesia or Java.


280   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1905. "Verordnung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend das Geldwesen der Schutzgebiete außer Deutsch-Ostafrika und Kiautschou, vom 1. Februar 1905." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding currency in the protectorates with the exception of German East Africa and Jiaozhou, dated 1 February 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 4, p. 103.

German currency is legal tender throughout the protectorates. All coins have to be accepted, but copper only up to sums of RMk 5. 00. Worn gold and silver coins have to be accepted by the district administration, but may not be reissued, but have to be sent to Berlin. The government offices are required to accept banknotes presented, but private citizens are not obliged to do so. Local authorities are empowered to set the limits of foreign currency that may be used, or prohibit the use of foreign currency altogether and can determine the local rate of exchange.
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281   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1908. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers wegen Abänderung der Verfügung vom 20. November 1901 betreffend die Regelung des gerichtlichen Kostenwesens in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee." [Order of the Imperial Chancellor concerning the modification of the order of 20 November 1901 regarding the regulation of the court costs in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 19, pp. 933-934.

Regulation setting the levels of court costs and other administrative costs at twice the level prescribed for consular cases.
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282   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1908. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die anderweitige Regelung der Verwaltung im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the alteration of the administration in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 120-121.

Regulation ordering the downgrading of the district office of the Marianas into a station subordinate to Yap.


283   

Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1909. "Bekanntmachung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend den Beitritt für die deutschen Schutzgebiete zu dem Internationalen Verbande zum Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst, vom 14. November 1908." [Proclamation of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the membership of the International union for the protection of literary and artistic works, dated 14 November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 1, p. 2.

The Berne convention is applicable to the German protectorates effective 15 November 1908.
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284   

Busse, W. 1920. "Jagd und Jagdrecht." [Hunting and hunting laws]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 118-121.

Encyclopedia entry on the nature of the German colonial hunt and the relevant hunting regulations in nature reserves.
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285   

Conze. 1907. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers zur Ergänzung der Verfügung vom 7, Mai 1904, betreffend Reisen der Beamten des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom 18 Juli 1907." [Directive of the Imperial Chancellor to elaborate on the ordinance of 7 May 1904 regarding the travels of officials of the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 18 July 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 706.

In addition to the previous regulation this addendum specifically extends the applicability to cases where officers go to Japan to recover their health in Japan. This stipulation, effective 1 April 1907, is clearly directed at the administrator Georg Fritz.


286   

Conze. 1907. "Vorschriften, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom 18. Juli 1907." [Regulations regarding leave, temporary replacement, per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for officials in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou, dated 18 July 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 15, p. 706.

The regulation allows officers to have the duration of their voyages to and from the destination for vacation not deducted from their vacation period if they agree to serve that period in addition to the normal three-year stipulated contract period.


287   

Dernburg, Bernhard. 1907. "Verfügung des Auswärtigen Amts, Kolonial Abteilung, betr. Erteilung einer Sonderberechtigung auf Schürfen und Bergbau." [Directive of the Foreign Office, Colonial Section, regarding the issuance of an exemption for prospecting and mining]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 706.

Not infringing any prior rights of third parties the administration of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands is declared the sole authorised owner of all guano and phosphate deposits on Angaur, Fais, Maug, Assongson, Saipan, Rota, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae.
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288   

Dernburg, Bernhard. 1908. "Verfügung des Auswärtigen Amts, Kolonial-Abteilung, betreffend die Aufhebung des Bezirksgerichts in Saipan, vom 27. April 1907." [Directive by the Foreign Office, Colonial Section, regarding the dissolution of the district court of Saipan, dated 27 April 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 229.

In keeping with the closure of the district office in Saipan, the district court was dissolved. The district court on Yap was now the relevant authority.


289   

Dernburg, Bernhard. 1908. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend das Standesamtswesen im Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea vom 19. März 1908." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the duty of the registry offices in the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 19 March 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 8, p. 372.

Housekeeping regulation to bring the existing legislation of New Guinea and the Islands Territory into line with uniform regulations for all German colonies.
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290   

Dernburg, Bernhard. 1908. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die standesamtliche Zuständigkeit in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 27. März 1908." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the jurisdiction of the registry offices in the protectorates of Afrika and the South Seas, dated 27 March 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 8, pp. 372-373.

All imperial district judges and the station chiefs are permitted to document births, deaths and marriages. Administrative details are also prescribed.
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291   

Dernburg, Bernhard. 1908. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers wegen der Änderung der Verfügung vom 25. December 1900, betreffend die Ausübung der Gerichtsbarkeit in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee." [Order of the Imperial Chancellor concerning the modification of the order of 25 December 1900 regarding the exercise of jurisdiction in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 14, pp. 659-660.

Imperial judges are permitted to delegate the resolution of all cases which do not require the presence of assessors. Notary public may be recognised in each protectorate as required.
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292   

Dernburg, Bernhard. 1909. "Verfügung des Auswärtigen Amts, Kolonial Abteilung, betr. Erteilung einer Sonderberechtigung auf Schürfen und Bergbau." [Directive of the Foreign Office, Colonial Section, regarding the issuance of an exemption for prospecting and mining]. In: Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 488.

Not infringing any prior rights of third parties the administration of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands is declared the sole authorised owner of all guano and phosphate deposits on Angaur, Fais, Maug, Assongson, Saipan, Rota, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae.


293   

Dernburg, Bernhard. 1909. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend der Ermächtigung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea zur Neuschaffung, Verlegung und Aufhebung von Verwaltungsbehörden, vom 15. Mai 1909." [Order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the authority of the Governor of New Guinea to establish, relocate and remove administrative units, dated 15 May 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 11, p. 524.

As long as the budget is authorised, or no additional funds are required, the Governor is at liberty to change the administrative structure in the protectorate as he deems fit.
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294   

Dernburg, Bernhard. 1910. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die Ausübung der Gerichtsbarkeit im Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neuguineas, vom 21. Dezember 1909." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding jurisprudence in the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 21 December 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 2, p. 41.

The regulation sets up the structure of the courts in the protectorate. Court of the first instance: district administrator Yap for the consular court in charge of Palau and the Marianas as well; district administrator Pohnpei in charge of Chuuk; and district administrator Jaluit in charge of Nauru.
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295   

Doerr, Dr. 1910. "Der Entwurf eines Kolonialbeamtengesetzes." [A bill for a law for colonial officials]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 18, pp. 285-286.

Item discussing the bill for a law governing the rights, remuneration and conduct of German colonial officials. The new pension rules specify that all time served on overseas postings of at least six months duration was counted twice to take into account the physical strain and allied health matters.
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296   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1900. "Allerhöchste Ordre betreffend die einstweilige Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 18. Juli 1899." [Imperial decree regarding the temporary regulation of the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 80.

Imperial chancellor to execute the required administrative and legislative steps to incorporate the newly acquired territories into the German colonial world. The local administrators as consular officers are allowed to promulgate required laws as directed.
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297   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1900. "Allerhöchste Ordre betreffend die Erklärung des Schutzes über die Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 8. Juli 1899." [Imperial decree regarding the declaration of protection over the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 80.

Declaration of the German protectorate of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas Islands.
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298   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1900. "Allerhöchste Ordre betreffend die Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 18. Juli 1899." [Imperial decree regarding the legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 80-81.

Declaration rooting the legal status and affairs in the Islands Territory in the relevant domestic German legislation.
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299   

Friedrich Wilhelm II., Emperor. 1900. "Gesetz über die Kolonialgerichtsbarkeit vom 7. April 1900." [Law regarding consular jurisdiction in the colonies, dated 7. April 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 10, pp. 356-364.

Legislation establishing consular courts in the German colonies. The jurisdiction of the courts covers Germans, foreigners (unless they possess diplomatic immunity), foreigners under the protection of the German Empire (protected peoples), and trading companies with seats in the German colonies.
A consular court was to be comprised of a judge and two assessors. In criminal cases four assessors were required. The consular officers were to select four assessors and two deputy assessors from the 'reputable inhabitants' of the colony, and appoint them for the duration of one year
The Imperial German law was to be applied, as well as all regulations passed by the colonial office and its agencies.


300   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1900. "Verordnung betreffend die einstweilige Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 18. Juli 1899." [Decree regarding the temporary regulation of the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 3, p. 93.

Imperial chancellor to execute the required administrative and legislative steps to incorporate the newly acquired territories into the German colonial world. The local administrators as consular officers are allowed to promulgate required laws as directed.


301   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1903. "Kaiserliche Verordnung betreffend die Erstreckung der für Kauffahrteischiffe geltenden Vorschriften auf die Gouvernementfahrzeuge der Schutzgebiete, vom 5. Juli 1903." [Imperial decree concerning the extension of regulations applicable to commercial shipping to the government vessels in the protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 15, p. 381.

Decree to allow local station vessels to be run and staffed like merchant vessels rather than navy vessels.


302   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1903. "Verordnung über die Enteignung von Grundeigentum in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee." [Decree concerning expropriation of real estate in the African and South Seas protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 6, pp. 121-126.

Law permitting the expropriation of land and the claiming of unused land by the German government. Regulates the process, the determination of compensation and so forth.
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303   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1904. "Kaiserliche Verordnung über die Enteignung von Grundeigentum in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 14. Februar 1903." [Imperial decree concerning expropriation of real estate in the African and South Seas protectorates]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 39-45.

Law permitting the expropriation of land and the claiming of unused land by the German government. Regulates the process, the determination of compensation and so forth.


304   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1905. "Zwangsverfahren wegen Geldforderungen, zur Erwirkung der Herausgabe von Sachen und zur Erwirkung von Handlungen und Unterlassungen im Verwaltungswege." [Administrative actions regarding the enforcement of debt payments, the confiscation of items and the enforcement of compliance with order to carry out or desist]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 18 Supplement, pp. 1-10.

Imperial decree governing administration of various administrative actions to enforce the payment of fines and public and private debts and the ability to confiscate forfeited property to ensure that such debts are paid. This decree will be in force in the absence of a specific decree passed by the individual protectorates.
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305   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1908. "Verordnung betreffend die Einrichtung der Verwaltung und die Eingeborenen-Rechtspflege in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten, vom 3. Juni 1908." [Decree concerning the establishment of the administration and the indigenous forms of justice in the African and South Seas Protectorates, dated 3 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 13, pp. 617-618.

The head of the colonial office is empowered to promulgate regulations regarding the administration and the indigenous forms of justice in the African and South Seas Protectorates. All existing regulations remain in force until repealed or amended.


306   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1909. "Allerhöchster Erlass, betreffend die Genehmigung zur Erklärung des Beitritts für die deutschen Schutzgebiete zu dem Internationalen Verbande zum Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst, vom 15. Oktober 1908." [Imperial decree concerning permission for the German protectorates to declare the membership of the International union for the protection of literary and artistic works, dated 15 October 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 1, p. 2.

The Berne convention is applicable to the German protectorates effective 15 November 1908.
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307   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1909. "Verordnung über den Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst in den deutschen Schutzgebieten, vom 15. Oktober 1909." [Decree on the protection of literary and artistic works in the German protectorates, dated 15 October 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 1, pp. 1-2.

Housekeeping regulation extending the applicability of the Bern Convention (copyright act) to the German protectorates.
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308   

Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1914. "Kaiserliche Verordnung über den Ausnahmeszustand in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 1. August 1914." [Imperial regulation regarding the state of emergency on the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas, dated 1 August 1914]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 17, pp. 767-768.

Declaration empowering the Governors to declare a state of emergency if war was to be declared. This edict followed the general mobilisation of the German armed forces just before the start of World War I.
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309   

Fritz, Georg. 1900. "Bekanntmachung betreffend den Ausschank und die Bereitung geistiger Getränke im Inselgebiete der Marianen]." [Proclamation regarding the sale and preparation of alcoholic beverages in the Islands Territory of the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 745-746.

All supplies of liquor had to be registered within eight days of the promulgation of the regulation or within eight days of purchase.
The production of tuba for the purposes of sale or consumption as a drink is prohibited. Upon application, the head of each household (but not the descendants, even if they have their own plantations) may tap two coconut palms for the production of vinegar, sweeteners or for yeast. A fine of RMk 10 per palm tapped is levied if these rules are contravened. The power of enforcement of the rules was given to the mayors.

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310   

Fritz, Georg. 1900. "Bekanntmachung betreffend den Besitz und die Führung von Feuerwaffen im Inselgebiete der Marianen, vom 16. Januar 1900." [Proclamation regarding ownership and use of firearms in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 16 January 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 19, pp. 744-745.

All existing weapons and ammunition must be registered with the district administration within eight days of the promulgation of the regulation and all newly acquired weapons and ammunition within eight days of purchase. Possession of firearms without license is prohibited. Annual firearms licenses for the purposes of hunting may be issued to those deemed reliable and competent in the handling of weapons for a fee of RMk 10 pa. The licenses can be cancelled if the holder is deemed unreliable.
Exempt were district officers, the local police force and those entrusted with the maintenance of the cattle herd on Tinian. Mayors and overseers were to enforce the rules.

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311   

Fritz, Georg. 1900. "Bekanntmachung betreffend der kirchlichen Feiertage, vom 3. Oktober 1900." [Proclamation regarding religious holidays, of 3 October 1900].

not found.


312   

Fritz, Georg. 1900. "Bekanntmachung des Bezirksamtmanns von Saipan, betreffend die Erhebung einer Gemeindesteuer für männliche Hunde, vom 1. Juni 1900." [Ordinance by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the levy of a community tax on male dogs, dated 1 June 1900].

not found.


313   

Fritz, Georg. 1900. "Verordnung betreffend die Erhebung der Schlachtsteuer im Inselgebiete der Marianen, vom 7. Februar 1900." [Regulation regarding the levying of a slaughtering tax in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 7 February 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 19, p. 745.

The Spanish slaughtering tax was to continue. People desirous of slaughtering had to obtain written permission from the district administrator on Saipan, or on the outer islands from the mayor. Taxes levied were RMk 2 per head of cattle and 50Pfg per pig or goat. Live cattle imported from Tinian and slaughtered within three days of arrival were tax free.
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314   

Fritz, Georg. 1900. "Verordnung betreffend die Kopfsteuer und die Arbeitsleistung im Inselgebiet der Marianen, vom 17. Januar 1900." [Regulation concerning head tax and required work in the island territory of the Marianas, dated 17 January 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 19, pp. 743-744.

Introduction of the taxation system in the Marianas. Fritz decreed that the labour obligations established by the Spanish government would be continued and amended. Each male aged between 15 and 50, living in the Islands Territory for more than three months, had to pay a head tax of RMk 3 pa, payable in April of each year (the beginning of the German financial year) to the Ortsschulze (village head), who would pay the tax of his district to the district administrator at the end of April.
Exempt from tax were those certifiably unable to work and fathers of more than eight children living in the Islands Territory. If the tax cannot be paid in cash, labour valued at 50Pfg/day may be substituted.
In addition all males are obliged to provide communal labour, at the rate of 12 days pa for married and 20 days pa for unmarried men. Exempt from this rule were those certifiably unable to work, clerics and some of the choral singers as well as fathers of more than five children living in the Islands Territory. In lieu of work a cash payment of 50Pfg per labour day could be substituted.

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315   

Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Bekanntmachung betreffend den Ausschank und die Bereitung geistiger Getränke im Inselgebiete der Marianen]." [Proclamation regarding the sale and preparation of alcoholic beverages in the Islands Territory of the Marianas]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 16-17.

All supplies of liquor had to be registered within eight days of the promulgation of the regulation or within eight days of purchase. The production of tuba for the purposes of sale or consumption as a drink is prohibited. Upon application, the head of each household (but not the descendants, even if they have their own plantations) may tap two coconut palms for the production of vinegar, sweeteners or for yeast. A fine of RMk 10 per palm tapped is levied if these rules are contravened. The power of enforcement of the rules was given to the mayors.
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316   

Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Bekanntmachung betreffend den Besitz und die Führung von Feuerwaffen im Inselgebiete der Marianen, vom 16. Januar 1900." [Proclamation regarding ownership and use of firearms in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 16 January 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 17-18.

All existing weapons and ammunition must be registered with the district administration within eight days of the promulgation of the regulation and all newly acquired weapons and ammunition within eight days of purchase. Possession of firearms without license is prohibited. Annual firearms licenses for the purposes of hunting may be issued to those deemed reliable and competent in the handling of weapons for a fee of RMk 10 pa. The licenses can be cancelled if the holder is deemed unreliable.
Exempt were district officers, the local police force and those entrusted with the maintenance of the cattle herd on Tinian. Mayors and overseers were to enforce the rules.

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317   

Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Verordnung betreffend die Kopfsteuer und die Arbeitsleistung im Inselgebiet der Marianen, vom 17. Januar 1900." [Regulation concerning head tax and required work in the island territory of the Marianas, dated 17 January 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 18-19.

Introduction of the taxation system in the Marianas. Fritz decreed that the labour obligations established by the Spanish government would be continued and amended. Each male aged between 15 and 50, living in the Islands Territory for more than three months, had to pay a head tax of RMk 3 pa, payable in April of each year (the beginning of the German financial year) to the Ortsschulze (village head), who would pay the tax of his district to the district administrator at the end of April.
Exempt from tax were those certifiably unable to work and fathers of more than eight children living in the Islands Territory. If the tax cannot be paid in cash, labour valued at 50Pfg/day may be substituted.
In addition all males are obliged to provide communal labour, at the rate of 12 days pa for married and 20 days pa for unmarried men. Exempt from this rule were those certifiably unable to work, clerics and some of the choral singers as well as fathers of more than five children living in the Islands Territory. In lieu of work a cash payment of 50Pfg per labour day could be substituted.

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318   

Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns von Saipan betreffend den Umlauf des alten spanischen Silber- und Kupfergeldes und die Einfuhr fremder Münzen." [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the circulation of old Spanish silver and copper coins and the importation of foreign coins]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 13-14.

Effective 9 January 1900 the German administration no longer accepts Spanish coins as legal tender. Citizens of the German Marianas are warned against accepting such coins. The import of all coinage other than German, with the exception of Gold, is prohibited.
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319   

[Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns von Saipan betreffend die Erhebung der Schlachtsteuer im Inselgebiete der Marianen, vom 7. Februar 1900." [Regulation by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the levying of a slaughtering tax in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 7 February 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 22.

The Spanish slaughtering tax was to continue. People desirous of slaughtering had to obtain written permission from the district administrator on Saipan, or on the outer islands from the mayor. Taxes levied were RMk 2 per head of cattle and 50Pfg per pig or goat. Live cattle imported from Tinian and slaughtered within three days of arrival were tax free.
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320   

Fritz, Georg. 1902. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmannes von Saipan, betreffend die Einführung einer Hundesteuer, vom 1. Februar 1902." [Regulation by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the introduction of a dog tax, dated 1 February 1902]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, p. 455.

Each dog older than three months and kept on Saipan must be registered; an annual dog tax of RMk 10. 00 is levied on female dogs. Dogs have to wear a collar and a numbered dog tag.


321   

Fritz, Georg. 1903. "Bestellung der Privatgrundstücke im Amtsbezirke der Marianen." [Cultivation of private property in the district of the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 10, pp. 239-240.

Item discussing the regulations. Fritz provides an annotation and rationale for the legislation, saying that many Chamorro still own properties of 3-4 hectares handed to them during the Spanish period, and that he provided newly-weds with 1 ha homestead allotments. He deplores that many locals do not continually farm their land, and often just plant coconuts. Tobacco production is reputedly on the rise, but food plants, such as sweet potatoes, bananas and maize are not. Too many people simply harvest the wild coconut palms for making copra in order to buy imported rice. During the Spanish times a law forced people to plant a certain amount of food crops; this law was terminated when the Germans took over.


322   

Fritz, Georg. 1903. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmannes der Marianen, betreffend die Einführung einer Hundesteuer für den Amtsbezirk Saipan, vom 1. Februar 1902." [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the introduction of a dog tax for the subdistrict of Saipan, dated 1 February 1902]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 450.

Each dog older than three months and kept on Saipan must be registered; an annual dog tax of RMk 10. 00 is levied on female dogs. Dogs have to wear a collar and a numbered dog tag.
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323   

Fritz, Georg. 1903. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmannes zu Saipan, betreffend die Bestellung der Privatgrundstücke im Amtsgebiete der Marianen, vom 4. Februar 1903." [Regulation by the district administrator in Saipan concerning the cultivation of private property in the district of the Marianas, dated 4 February 1903]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 10, p. 230.

Effective 4 February, ever owner of a land allotment is required to plant by 1 December each year a contiguous area of at least 1/4 hectare of land (if the allotment is smaller than 0. 25 ha, the entire allotment) with food crops. Exempt are only those who are already exempt from paying head tax. If these provisions are not met, the person is required to work on the communal farms, whereby for every 125 square metres not planted one day of labour has to be paid. The produce of the community allotment is sold or auctioned, the proceeds to go to the district chest.
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324   

Fritz, Georg. 1903. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns von Saipan betreffend das Kreditgeben an Eingeborene und den Abschluß von Verträgen mit Eingeborenen über höhere Wertgegenstände, vom 25. Oktober 1900." [Regulation by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the offering of credit and the execution of contracts with indigenous people regarding items of high value, dated 25 October 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 261-262.

Regulation prohibiting the offering of lines of credit to natives. All existing credit arrangements and debts must be recorded at the district offices no later than 31 March 1901. Credit may be offered, upon approval, to natives running businesses. Every contract regarding items over RMk 500 must be made in writing, with copies to both parties. Verbal contracts are illegal. Contracts must be approved by the Imperial Court in Pohnpei, which will also hold a copy of the agreement.
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325   

Fritz, Georg. 1903. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend den Waldschutz im Inselgebiet der Marianen vom 13. Juni 1900." [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the protection of forests in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 13 June 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 247-248.

The regulation prohibits the burning of the grasslands as well as the felling of ifil (local tree species).
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326   

Fritz, Georg. 1903. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend die Anmeldung von Personenveränderungen im Inselgebiet der Marianen vom 5. Juli 1900." [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the notification of a change of personal circumstances in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 5 July 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 249-250.

Regulation governing the notification and registration of births, deaths and marriages.
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327   

Fritz, Georg. 1903. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend die Anmeldung und Kennzeichnng von Rindvieh im Inselgebiet der Marianen vom 7. Juli 1900." [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the registration and marking of cattle in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 7 July 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 250.

All cattle older than one year must be registered with the German administration and brand marked. All changes in ownership must be notified. All cattle on Tinian, and all cattle on Saipan that remain unmarked after 1 October 1900 will become the property of the German administration. The registration of Rota cattle will occur at a later date. For each marking the German government charges a fees of 25 Pfennig.
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328   

Fritz, Georg. 1903. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend die Jagd auf verwildertes Rindvieh in den Marianen, vom 26. Juni 1901." [Regulation by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the hunt for feral cattle on the Marianas, dated 26 June 1901]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 355.

Regulation stipulating that only the district administration or its designee are permitted to hunt for feral cattle and deer.
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329   

Fritz, Georg. 1904. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmannes zu Saipan betreffend die Bestellung der Privatgrundstücke im Amtsgebiete der Marianen, vom 4. Februar 1903." [Regulation by the district administrator in Saipan concerning the cultivation of private property in the district of the Marianas, dated 4 February 1903]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 28.

Effective 4 February 1903, every owner of a land allotment is required to plant by 1 December each year a contiguous area of least 1/4 hectare of land (if the allotment is smaller than 0.25 ha, the entire allotment) with food crops. Exempt are only those who are already exempt from paying head tax. If these provisions are not met, the person is required to work on the communal farms, whereby for every 125 square metres not planted one day of labour has to be paid. The produce of the community allotment is sold or auctioned, the proceeds to go to the district chest.


330   

Fritz, Georg. 1906. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend den Handelsbetrieb auf den Marianen, vom 23. April 1905." [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the conduct of commerce on the Marianas, dated 23 April 1905]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Neunter Band 1904. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 135-136.

Regulation licensing trading companies. A series of licensing classes is defined and the licensing fees are set out.


331   

Fritz, Georg. 1906. "Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmannes von Saipan betreffend den Schildkrötenfang auf den Marianen vom 13. März 1906." [Ordinance of the Imperial district administrator in Saipan regarding the catching of turtle in the Marianas, dated 13 March 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 12, p. 391.

Ordinance protecting turtles. Between 1 February and 31 May turtles may not be caught on the beach or within the reefs (RMk 200 fine). The collection or sale of turtle eggs is prohibited (RMk 100 fine). Commercial exploitation of turtles requires the permission of the district administration (RMk 500 fine).
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332   

Fritz, Georg. 1907. "Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend den Handelsbetrieb auf den Marianen, vom 5. Januar 1906." [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the conduct of commerce on the Marianas, dated 5 January 1906]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zehnter Band 1906. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 154.

The regulation of 23 April 1905 is herewith repealed.


333   

Fritz, Georg. 1907. "Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Bezirkamtmannes von Saipan betreffend den Schildkrötenfang auf den Marianen vom 13. März 1906." [Ordinance of the Imperial district administrator in Saipan regarding the catching of turtle in the Marianas, dated 13 March 1906]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zehnter Band 1906. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 149.

Ordinance protecting turtles. Between 1 February and 31 May turtles may not be caught on the beach of within the reefs (RMk 200 fine). The collection or sale of turtle eggs is prohibited (RMk 100 fine). Commercial exploitation of turtles requires the permission of the district administration (RMk 500 fine).


334   

Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto. 1910. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Volume 13 1909]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Thirteenth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to the Mariana Islands. .
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335   

Hahl, Albert. 1899. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die dem Auslandsverkehr geöffneten Häfen im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau, und Marianen, vom 12. Oktober 1899." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the harbours opened for foreign traffic in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, and Marianas, dated 12 October 1899].

.


336   

Hahl, Albert. 1901. "Verordnung betreffend das die An- und Abmeldung der in dem Inselgebiet der östlichen Karolinen ansässigen, daselbst zuziehenden und wegziehenden Fremden." [Regulation regarding the registration and deregistration of foreigners living, moving to and leaving the Islands Territory of the Eastern Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 3, p. 67.

Every non-native to the Eastern Carolines, intending to settle in the protectorate, has to register his presence within eight days at the nearest government office. Non-natives desirous of staying for more than four weeks in the protectorate have to register their presence as well, including captain and crew of merchant vessels.
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337   

Hahl, Albert. 1901. "Verordnung betreffend das Kreditgeben an Eingeborene und den Abschluß von Verträgen mit Eingeborenen über höhere Wertgegenstände, vom 10 April 1900." [Regulation regarding the offering of credit and the execution of contracts with indigenous people regarding items of high value, dated 10 April 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 3, pp. 66-67.

Regulation passed by the Vice-Gouvernor on Pohnpei, prohibiting the offering of lines of credit to natives. All existing credit arrangements and debts must be recorded at the district offices no later than 31 December 1900. Credit may be offered, upon approval, to natives running businesses. Every contract regarding items over RMk 500 must be made in writing, with copies to both parties. Verbal contracts are illegal. Contracts must be approved by the Imperial Court in Pohnpei, which will also hold a copy of the agreement.


338   

Hahl, Albert. 1901. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die dem Auslandsverkehr geöffneten Häfen im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau, und Marianen, vom 12. Oktober 1899, abgeändert durch die Verordnung vom 30. November 1901." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the harbours opened for foreign traffic in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, and Marianas, dated 12 October 1899, amended by the regulation of 30 November 1901].

.


339   

Hahl, Albert. 1904. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Paßwesen." [Regulation by the Governor of German Guinea regarding passports]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, no. 16, p. 471.

Housekeeping regulation which authorises the district administrators to issue visa for a stay and to provide foreigners residing in the districts with a passport for a maximum duration of one year.
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340   

Hahl, Albert. 1908. "Ausführungsbestimmungen zu der Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908 für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea." [Bye-laws to the customs regulations, of 10 June 1908, for the protectorate of German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 18, pp. 892-895.

Explanatory guidelines, customising the customs regulations to the local station levels. For the Islands Territory of Micronesia the station offices at Saipan, Chuuk, and Nauru and the district administration offices at Yap, Pohnpei and Jaluit were declared customs stations.
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341   

Hahl, Albert. 1908. "Bekanntmachung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea betreffend die Ausübung der Disziplin über die eingeborenen Arbeiter im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 28 Juni 1907." [Notification by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the exercise of discipline over the indigenous workers in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands, dated 28 June 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 276.

Directs that administrators and private individuals in the Islands Territory are bound by the same regulations regarding disciplinary actions as people in German New Guinea.


342   

Hahl, Albert. 1908. "Verfügung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea zur Ausführung der Allerhöchsten Ordre vom 4. Februar 1905 betreffend die gnadenweise Aussetzung oder Teilung der Strafvollstreckung, vom 11. October 1907." [Directive by the Governor of German New Guinea relating to the implementation of the Imperial decree of 4 February 1905 regarding the suspension of reduction of sentences by clemency, dated 11 October 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 398.

The Imperial district judges in Yap, Pohnpei and Jaluit are authorised to exercise clemency in excess of the six months maximum as applicable in Germany proper.


343   

Hahl, Albert. 1908. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einwanderung mittelloser nichteingeborener Personen in das Inselgebiet, vom 14. Oktober 1907." [Order of the Governor of New Guinea regarding the immigration of destitute persons into the island territory, dated 14 October 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 2, p. 55.

Housekeeping regulation, extending the applicability of the 'Order of the Governor of New Guinea regarding the immigration of destitute persons' dated 12 August 1905, to the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.
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344   

Hahl, Albert. 1908. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einwanderung mittelloser nicht eingeborener Personen in das Inselgebiet, vom 14. Oktober 1907." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the immigration of non-indigenous people without funds to the Islands Territory, dated 14 October 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 401-402.

Regulation prohibiting people of insufficient means from immigrating to the Islands Territory.


345   

Hahl, Albert. 1908. "Zollverordnung für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea, vom 10. Juni 1908." [Customs regulations for the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 10 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 18, pp. 883-892.

Detailed set of customs regulations covering customs tariffs and procedures. The import of opium, weapons, ammunition and explosives is prohibited, unless written permission has been obtained from the Governor General.
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346   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Ausführungsbestimmungen des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea zur Kaiserlichen Verordnung, betreffend Zwangs- und Strafbefugnisse der Verwaltungs behörden in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 14. Juli 1908." [Bye-laws of the Governor of German New Guinea for carrying out the Imperial decree concerning the rights of administrators in the protectorates in Africa and the South Sea to give force to administrative and civil actions, dated 14 July 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 1, pp. 8-15.

Executing regulations regarding the Imperial decree governing administration of various administrative actions to enforce the payment of fines and public and private debts and the ability to confiscate forfeited property to ensure that such debts are paid. This decree will be in force in the absence of a specific decree passed by the individual protectorates.
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347   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Erlass des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea an die Bezirksämter in Jap, Ponape, Jaluit, betreffend die Kopfsteuer für Nichteingeborene, vom 6. November 1908." [Directive by the Governor of German New Guinea to the district administrations on Yap, Pohnpei and Jaluit regarding the head tax on non indigenous peoples, dated 6 November 1908]. In: Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 488-489.

Housekeeping regulation streamlining the head tax for non-indigenous people, directing that the tax be collected annually in one levy (not quarterly).


348   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Verbot der Einfuhr von und des Handels mit getragenen Kleidungsgegenständen, vom 16. Januar 1909." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the ban on the importation of and trade in used items of clothing, dated 16 January 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 7, p. 303.

Housekeeping regulation, extending the applicability of the 'Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the ban on the importation of and trade in used items of clothing, dated 27 September 1903' to the Islands Territory.
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349   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Verbot der Einfuhr und des Vertriebs von getragenen Stoffe und Bekleidungsgegenständen." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the prohibition of the import and sale of worn cloth and clothing]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zwölfter Band 1908. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 15.

Housekeeping regulation, extending the applicability of the 'Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the ban on the importation of and trade in used items of clothing, dated 27 September 1903' to the Islands Territory.


350   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einwanderung und Einführung nicht einheimischer Eingeborener in das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom 1. November 1908." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the immigration and introduction of foreign natives into the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 1 November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 4, pp. 153-154.

Import of workers is only possible at the main ports of arrival and requires the written permission of the Governor of German New Guinea. The administration has oversight of the quality of accommodation, provisioning,wages and medical care of the workers.
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351   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Meldepflicht der Nichteingeborenen, vom 21. November 1908." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the registration of non-natives, dated 21 November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 4, p. 201.

Every non-native to the protectorate, intending to settle in the protectorate, has to register his presence within one week at the nearest government office. If a resident departs for three months or more he has to be (temporarily) deregistered. Heads of families have to register their wife and children. Non-natives desirous of staying for more than four weeks in the protectorate have to register their presence as well, including captain and crew of merchant vessels.
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352   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Versteuerung der nichteingeborenen Bevölkerung im Gebiete der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 30. Juni 1908." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the taxation of the non-native population in the territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and the Marshall-Islands, dated 30 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 6, pp. 258-259.

Key provisions: Tax levels are redefined and the taxation laws of the various districts in the territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and the Marshall Islands are brought into line. Each male older than 16 years has to pay an annual head tax of RMk 40 on April 1, of each year. All previous regulations are repealed as far as they refer to the head tax of non islanders.
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353   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Veröffentlichung von Verordnungen, vom 15. Januar 1909." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the publication of regulations, dated 15 January 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 7, p. 302.

All regulations must be published in the Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea (the Government Gazette).


354   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Anwerbung und Ausführung von Eingeborenen im Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom 4. März 1909." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the recruiting and relocation of islanders from the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 4 March 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 15, pp. 719-725.

Very detailed regulations to control the hiring and transport of indigenous workers from one part of the protectorate to another. Taking indigenous workers from the protectorate to non-German territories is not authorised. The regulations detail the nature of accommodation, food and medical support required on sea voyages to the point of work. Minimum supplies and wages are also stipulated. Proformas are appended.
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355   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Abänderung des Tariffs zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 16. Februar 1909." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 16 February 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 9, pp. 435-436.

Housekeeping regulation adding additional items subject to customs and excise tax and changing the tariff levels for other items.
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356   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Abänderung des Tariffs zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 1. Februar 1909." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 1 February 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, p. 435.

Housekeeping regulation adding additional items subject to customs and excise tax.
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357   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Aufhebung der Regierungstation Simpsonhafen und die Verlegung des Bezirksamts Herbertshöhe." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding termination of the government office at Simpsonhafen and the moving of the district office at Herbertshöhe]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, p. 1036.

The government station of Simpsonhafen (= Rabaul) is formally closed and the district administration Herbertshöhe (in charge of German New Guinea) is formally removed to the now vacated premises at Rabaul. The district administration was formally renamed the District Office 'Rabaul.'.
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358   

Hahl, Albert. 1909. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend die Besteuerung der nichteingeborenen Bevölkerung im Gebiete der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln (30 Juni 1908)." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the taxation of the non-indigenous population in the territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and the Marshall Islands]. In: Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 234.

Tax levels are redefined and the taxation laws of the various districts in the territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and the Marshall Islands are brought into line.


359   

Hahl, Albert. 1910. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Verbot der Verabfolgung von Schiessbedarf an Eingeborene, vom 1. Oktober 1909." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the ban of supply of weapons and ammunition to islanders, dated 1 October 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 2, pp. 46-47.

Islanders are not permitted to own weapons and ammunition. The sale or handing over of weapons to islanders is illegal, unless specifically authorised by the German administrators. If islanders are allowed to handle weapons, a licence fee is levied, ranging from RMk 25 for rifles and double-barrelled shot guns to RMk 10 for muzzle loaders. As part of housekeeping all other regulations governing the use of and trade in weapons in the protectorate are repealed.
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360   

Hahl, Albert. 1910. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Kreditgeben an Eingeborene und den Abschluss von Verträgen mit Eingeborenen, vom 14. Mai 1909." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding extending credit to and the making of contracts with islanders, dated 14 May 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 7, pp. 264-265.

Any extension of credit to islanders requires the prior authorisation of the German Administration. Copies of the agreement must be written in German and lodged with the relevant German administration office. For each contact a RMk 5 lodging fee is to be levied. Contraventions to this regulation entail a fine for non islanders of RMk 1000 or imprisonment of up to 3 months.
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361   

Hahl, Albert. 1910. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend der Verabfolgung von geistiger Getränke an Eingeborene, vom 1. Oktober 1909." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the ban of sale of alcoholic beverages to islanders, dated 1 October 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 2, pp. 47-48.

The sale of alcohol to islanders is illegal, unless specifically authorised by the administration. If a publican's licence is approved, the annual license fee will be RMk 50. If islanders are allowed to purchase alcohol other than in a pub, the annual license fee will be RMk 20. A fine of RMk 1000 for contravention of this regulation is stipulated.
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362   

Hahl, Albert. 1910. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Abänderung des Tarifs zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 1. März 1910." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 1 March 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 423.

Amendment of the tariff level.


363   

Hahl, Albert. 1910. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend Zusatz zu der Verordnung das Kreditgeben an Eingeborene und den Abschluss von Verträgen mit Eingeborenen, vom 14. Mai 1909." [Regulation regarding the amendment to the Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding extending credit to and the making of contracts with islanders, dated 14 May 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 7, p. 265.

The amendment created a clause for the use of intermediaries in establishing lines of credit to indigenous peoples in the protectorates.
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364   

Hahl, Albert. 1910. "Zusatzverordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea zu der Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 26. März 1910." [Additional regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 26 March 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 11, p. 449.

Housekeeping regulation to cover those items which had been en route to German New Guinea at the time of the last amendment of the customs tariff.
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365   

Hahl, Albert. 1911. "Ausführungsbestimmungen des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea zu der Verordnung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die Errichtung und den Betrieb von Apotheken in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, mit der Ausnahme von Deutsch-Südwestafrika, vom 12 Januar 1911." [Bye-laws of the Governor of German New Guinea to the order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the establishment and operation of pharmacies in the protectorates of Africa and the South Sea, with the exception of German South-West Africa, dated 12 January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 19, pp. 702-703.

Contains a list of medications which can be sold without prescriptions.
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366   

Hahl, Albert. 1911. "Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung vom 7. Oktober 1910, betreffend die Besteuerung der Eingeborenen des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 11 April 1911." [Bye-laws to the regulation dated 7 October 1910 regarding the taxation of islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls, dated 11 April 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 18, pp. 655-656.

Housekeeping amendment to include the Marshalls in the taxation scheme. Details the level of copra tax to be levied for the atolls.
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367   

Hahl, Albert. 1911. "Verfügung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Verordnungsrecht der Bezirksamtmänner in Rabaul und Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen." [Directive by the Governor of German Guinea regarding the powers of the district administrators in Rabaul und Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 19, p. 703.

Example of an administrative document empowering district administrators to pass regulations pertaining to their districts and to ensure their enforcement.


368   

Hahl, Albert. 1911. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einführung des deutschen Mass- und Gewichtssystem im Schutzgebiet Neuguinea, dated 20. Juli 1911." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea on the introduction of the German systems of measurements and weights to the Protectorate of New Guinea, dated 20 July 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 20, p. 740.

The metric system of measurements is declared the sole legal system. All scales must comply.
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369   

Hahl, Albert. 1911. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend Kokosnüsse, vom 14. Juni 1911." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding coconuts, dated 14 June 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 20, p. 739.

Coconuts must be dehusked in the land and can only be moved if the husk is left behind. Exempt are nuts removed for planting purposes and nuts destined for human and animal consumption.
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370   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Ausführungsbestimmungen zu der Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Erkrankung von Haustieren, vom 12. Mai 1912." [Bye-laws to the Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding illnesses among domestic animals, dated 12 May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 17, p. 797.

The government is permitted to order the destruction without compensation of animals suffering from glanders (Rotz), cattle plague (Rinderpest), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (Lungenseuche der Rindr) and rabies.


371   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Einfuhr von Tieren vom 20. Mai 1912." [Bye-laws to the regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the importation of animals, dated 20 May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 17, pp. 800-801.

Quarantine regulations regarding the importation of all animals to the protectorate.
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372   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einführung des deutschen Maß- und Gewichtssystems im Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea on the introduction of the German systems of measurements and weights to the Protectorate of New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 22, p. 1081.

The German metric systems of weights and measures is now the sole legal means for all transactions.
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373   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea betreffend Abänderung der Verordnung vom 1. März 1912, betreffend den Verkehr mit Sprengstoffen vom 9. Juli 1912." [Regulation by the Governor of New Guinea regarding the amendment of the regulation regarding the trade in explosives, dated 1 March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 19, p. 939.

Modification of regulation by Hahl.
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374   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Einfuhr von Tieren, vom 20. Mai 1912." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the importation of animals, dated 20 May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 17, pp. 797-800.

Regulation governing the importation of all animals from ports outside the protectorate. Includes provisions for permits and quarantine.
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375   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Einwanderung Mittelloser." [Regulation by the Governor of New Guinea regarding the immigration of people without funds]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, no. 3, p. 30.

Regulation prohibiting people of insufficient means from immigrating to the protectorate of New Guinea.
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376   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Erkrankung von Haustieren vom 12. Mai 1912." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding illnesses among domestic animals, dated 12 May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 17, p. 797.

The government is permitted to order the destruction without compensation of animals suffering from glanders, cattle-plague, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and rabies.
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377   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Wegeverordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom 25. August 1911." [Road ordinance of the Governor of German New Guinea, dated 25 August 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 1, pp. 3-5.

Regulation controlling the upkeep of roads and tracks. Owners must maintain all public lands. Private road with passage rights by others must be maintained jointly by the land holders and those with rights of trespass. Defines the powers of the local administration to declare roads and tracks as 'public roads.'.
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378   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Zusatzverordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend der Verabfolgung von geistiger Getränke an Eingeborene, vom 11. April 1912." [Supplemental Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the ban of sale of alcoholic beverages to islanders, dated 11 April 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 13, p. 590.

Amendment to the previous regulations, permitting a local administration to give permanent permission to issue alcohol to certain customers.
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379   

Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Zusatzverordnung zur Zollverordnung für das Schutzgebiet Neuguinea, vom 10. Juni 1908." [Amendment to the customs regulations for the protectorate of New Guinea, dated 10 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 3, p. 72.

Amendment to the customs regulations and tariffs. The Governor is empowered to establish private bond stores. Warships are deemed overseas territory, and items purchased by warships require export duty. Some items, sent by mail require a customs declaration (such as bird plumes and feathers).
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380   

Hahl, Albert. 1913. "Bekanntmachung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend das Verbot des Fischeschiessens." [Notification by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the prohibition of dynamiting fish]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 13, p. 577.

Previous permits for bomb fishing are revoked. Bombfishing is now outlawed in all parts of the German protectorate.
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381   

Hahl, Albert. 1913. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend Schlacht und Hundesteuer vom 22. Oktober 1912." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding slaughtering and dog tax of 22 October 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 1, p. 3.

Regulation specifying the slaughtering tax on cattle (RMk 2.00/head) and pigs or goats (RMk 0.50/head) for all animals slaughtered on Saipan and Rota. Feral pigs and goats are exempt if they are butchered on or before the third day of the hunt/capture.
Each dog older than three months and kept on Saipan or Rota must be registered; an annual dog tax of RMk 5. 00 is levied. Dogs have to wear a collar and a numbered dog tag.

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382   

Hahl, Albert. 1914. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend Abänderung des Tarifs zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 4. October 1913." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 5, p. 173.

Amendment of the customs tariffs, with new rates for the export of feathers and plumes, including the inclusion of new species.
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383   

Hahl, Albert. 1914. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Schaffung von Strandämtern und die Bestellung von Strandvögten, vom 12. Februar 1914." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the establishment of coastal offices and the nomination of beach wardens]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 9, p. 390.

The district offices and stations have been declared in charge of the coastal zones of their jurisdiction, and an officer each is to be appointed beach warden.
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384   

Hahl, Albert and Norddeutscher Lloyd. 1909. "Vertrag über die Unterhaltung von Postdampfschiffsverbindungen mit dem Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom, 2./9. Juli 1909." [Agreement regarding the maintenance of postal steam ship connections with the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 2/9 July 1909]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zwölfter Band 1908. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 359-361.

The Norddeutscher Lloyd was given the mail steamer contracts to and from New Guinea. This included a four-weekly return service Sydney-Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen-Yap-HongKong; an eight-weekly service with the following route Rabaul-Finschhafen-Erimahafen/Stephansort-Friedrich Wilhelmshafen-Berlinhafen (Eitape)-Macassar-Singapore-Batavia-Macassar-Ambon-Banda-Berlinhafen (Eitape)-Friedrich Wilhelmshafen-Erimahafen/Stephansort-Finschhafen-Rabaul; and a three-monthly service to smaller islands in the protectorate, with routes to be specified at a future date.


385   

Hesse, Hermann. 1904. "Die Rassenfrage in den Schutzgebieten." [Race relations in the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 12, p. 117.

Item on the general undesireability of inter-racial marriages. Hesse argues that the law should be amended to limit such marriages. In cases of a marriage between a white male and an indigenous woman, that the woman not be afforded citizenship, and that all marriages between white women and indigenous men be annulled.
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386   

Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1899. "Entwurf eines Gesetzes betreffend die Feststellung eines zweiten Nachtrages zum Haushalts-Etat für die Schutgebiete auf das Rechnungsjahr 1899." [Bill for an Act regarding the approval of a second amendment to the budgets for the protectorates for the financial year 1899]. Reichstag 10. Legislatur-Periode I. Session 1898/99 3675 no. 394. Berlin: #### p.###.

Budget proposal to allow for the establishment of the colonial administration in the recently acquired Spanish possessions in Micronesia.
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387   

Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1899. "Entwurf eines Gesetzes betreffend die Feststellung eines zweiten Nachtrages zum Haushalts-Etat für die Schutgebiete auf das Rechnungsjahr 1899." [Bill for an Act regarding the approval of a second amendment to the budgets for the protectorates for the financial year 1899]. Reichstag 10. Legislatur-Periode I. Session 1898/99 3675 no. 395. Berlin: #### p.###.

Second published draft of the budget proposal to allow for the establishment of the colonial administration in the recently acquired Spanish possessions in Micronesia.
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388   

Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1900. "Verordnung betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum Eingeborener im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 20. Januar 1900." [Regulation regarding the acquisition of real estate from islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 January 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 3, p. 94.

Until further notice this regulation prohibits the acquisition of indigenously owned land be it through purchase, exchange, gift or any other legal construct. All contracts made in violation of the regulation are deemed illegal.


389   

Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1900. "Verordnung betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum Eingeborener im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 20 Januar 1900." [Regulation regarding the acquisition of real estate from islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 January 1900]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 68.

Until further notice this regulation prohibits the acquisition of indigenously owned land be it through purchase, exchange, gift or any other legal construct. All contracts made in violation of the regulation are deemed illegal.


390   

Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1900. "Verordnung des Reichskanzlers vom 20. Januar 1900 betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum Eingeborener im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the acquisition of real estate from islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 January 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, p. 94.

Until further notice this regulation prohibits the acquisition of indigenously owned land be it through purchase, exchange, gift or any other legal construct. All contracts made in violation of the regulation are deemed illegal.


391   

Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1901. "Verordnung betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum Eingeborener im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 20. Januar 1900." [Regulation regarding the acquisition of real estate from islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 January 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 19.

Until further notice this regulation prohibits the acquisition of indigenously owned land be it through purchase, exchange, gift or any other legal construct. All contracts made in violation of the regulation are deemed illegal.
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392   

Kayser. 1903. "Runderlass der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes betreffend Sammlungen der Forschungs-Expeditionen und Beamten vom 8. März 1892." [Circular ordinance by the colonial section of the Foreign office regarding the collections made by research expeditions and civil servants, dated 8 March 1892]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 44.

Civil servants are obliged to make their collections available to the Imperial Museums of Ethnography and Natural History. The collections may only be sold or donated to other parties if the museums agree. Scientific expeditions will be bound by specific contracts regarding the disposal of such collections.
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393   

Kersting. 1912. "Polizeiverordnung (für Nauru)." [Police regulation (for Nauru)]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, no. 6, p. 31.

Police order regulating the use of tracks and paths on Nauru. The non-Nauruan workers were prohibited from going into the interior of the island and entering homes of Nauruans. Also, a curfew existed from 9 pm. Nauruans were prohibited from going into the barracks of the coloured workers and were also not permitted to sell or gift food to the coloured workers. [Included as an an example of lower order ordinances].
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394   

Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von. 1909. "Bekanntmachung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend einen Notenwechsel zwischen dem Auswärtigen Amte und der Botschaft der Französischen Republik in Berlin vom 13./14. November über den Beitritt der deutschen Schutzgebiete und der französischen Kolonien zu der deutsch-französischen übereinkunft, betreffend den Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst und an Photographen vom 8. April 1907 (Reichsgesetzblatt S. 419 ff.), dated 20 November 1908." [Proclamation of the Imperial Chancellor concerning the exchange of notes between the Foreign Office and the Embassy of the French Republic in Berlin of 13 and 14 November 1908, regarding the membership of the German protectorates and the French colonies in a German-French agreement, concerning the protection of literary and artistic works and photographs of 8 April 1908 (Imperial Gazette p. 419 ff.), dated 20 November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 1, pp. 2-4.

The Berne convention is applicable to the German protectorates effective 15 November 1908.
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395   

Knake. 1903. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, betreffend die Erlaubnis zur Ausübung einiger Gewerbebetriebe." [Regulation for German New Guinea and the island territory regarding the exercise of a number of commercial activities]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 11, p. 256.

Regulation for German New Guinea and the island territory regarding the exercise of a number of commercial activities, privately owned land, and the operation of hotels and public houses. The following required the written permission of the Governor: fishing for trepang, pearling, and pearl shelling, mining including minerals and gem stones, guano and phosphate, exploitation of coconuts and rubber trees not held in private hands, commercial coastal fishing, timber getting for commercial gain unless on privately owned land, and the operation of hotels and public houses.
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396   

Knake. 1904. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, betreffend die Erlaubnis zur Ausübung einiger Gewerbebetriebe." [Regulation for German New Guinea and the island territory regarding the exercise of a number of commercial activities]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 62-63.

Regulation for German New Guinea and the island territory regarding the exercise of a number of commercial activities, privately owned land, and the operation of hotels and public houses. The following required the written permission of the Governor: fishing for trepang, pearling, and pearl shelling, mining including minerals and gem stones, guano and phosphate, exploitation of coconuts and rubber trees not held in private hands, commercial coastal fishing, timber getting for commercial gain unless on privately owned land, and the operation of hotels and public houses.


397   

Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer. 1907. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zehnter Band 1906. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Volume 10 1906]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Tenth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to German Micronesia. .
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398   

Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer. 1908. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Volume 11 1907]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Eleventh volume of the compilation of colonial legislation.
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399   

Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer. 1909. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zwölfter Band 1908. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Volume 12 1908]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Twelfth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation.
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400   

Kolonial-Abteilung. 1903. "Anweisung der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes zur regierungsärztlichen Berichterstattung über die deutschen Schutzgebiete (10. August 1901)." [Directive of the colonial section of the Foreign Office regarding the reports to be filed by the government physicians of the German protectorates]. In: Anon. (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902 [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Sixth Part 1901 to 1902]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Key provisions: reports must be filed quarterly, separate for Europeans and for indigenous populations.


401   

König, B. von. 1906. "Vorschriften des Bundesrats für die Beförderung von Leichen auf dem Seewege." [Regulations regarding the transportation of corpses by sea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 8, pp. 216-217.

The Governors of the protectorates are empowered to issue passports for corpses to be sent back to Germany or other destinations. Details are given on the required embalming process and documentation.
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402   

König, B. von. 1906. "Vorschriften des Bundesrats für die Beförderung von Leichen auf dem Seewege." [Regulations regarding the transportation of corpses by sea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 8, p. 215.

The Governors of the protectorates are empowered to issue passports for corpses to be sent back to Germany or other destinations. Details are given on the required embalming process and documentation.
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403   

Kraetke, Reinhold. 1908. "Bekanntmachung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die Erhebung von Wechsel- und Scheckprotesten durch Postbeamte, vom 5. August 1908." [Proclamation of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the procedures for postal officials for handling protested bills and cheques, dated 5 August 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 20, p. 995.

To enhance business activity, postal agencies were now authorised to handle protested bills and cheques (with exceptions).
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404   

Lindequist, Friedrich von. 1911. "Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum durch Kolonialbeamte, vom 29. Mai 1911." [Order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the acquisition of real estate by colonial officers, dated 29 May 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 12, p. 451.

Colonial administrators are authorised to permit their subordinates to acquire parcels of land up to 1 ha for the purposes of building a homestead.
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405   

Lindequist, Friedrich von. 1911. "Verordnung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die Errichtung und den Betrieb von Apotheken in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, mit der Ausnahme von Deutsch-Südwestafrika, vom 12. Januar 1911." [Order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the establishment and operation of pharmacies in the protectorates of Africa and the South Sea, with the exception of German South-West Africa, dated 12 January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 2, pp. 41-44.

Pharmacies and drug stores can be established as commercial concerns upon written permission of the Governor. Details on the conditions for a licence are given.
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406   

Lüders, Ewald. 1913. Das Jagdrecht der deutschen Schutzgebiete. [The hunting law in the German protectorates]. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen.

Systematic and comparative treatment of all provisions of the hunting laws across all German colonies. Includes a discussion of protective provisions for certain species as well as any licensing requirements that individual colonies may have developed.
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407   

Osswald, Arthur. 1911. "Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch Neuguinea betreffend die Besteuerung der Eingeborenen des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 7. Oktober 1910." [Bye-laws to the Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the taxation of islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls, dated 7 October 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 1, p. 6.

Gives a definition of local islanders (einheimische Eingeborene) that includes islanders from outside the protectorate who married into families from the protectorate. The regulation does not apply to the Marshalls.
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408   

Osswald, Arthur. 1911. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Besteuerung der Eingeborenen des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 7. Oktober 1910." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the taxation of islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls, dated 7 October 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 1, pp. 4-6.

Every male islander residing in the protectorate for more than 3 months is required to pay tax. Exempt are members of the police troops, fathers of five or more underaged children, non-local contract workers. District and station administrations can exempt individuals from their tax obligation. The head tax is set at RMk 20, but can be locally raised to a maximum of RMk 40 pa.


409   

Osswald, Arthur. 1911. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Regelung des Verkehrs in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln (Hafenordnung für Neuguinea), vom 23. Januar 1911." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the regulation of shipping in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls (harbour regulations for New Guinea), dated 23 January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 9, pp. 336-339.

Regulation determining the legal ports of entry (in the Islands Territory: Jaluit, Nauru, Saipan, Yap, Pohnpei, Angaur) and the obligations of vessels arriving in the protectorate. The housekeeping provision repeals all previous regulations in force in the protectorate.
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410   

Osswald, Arthur. 1911. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Abänderung des Tarifes zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 1. März 1911." [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 1 March 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 11, p. 423.

Modification of the customs tariff.
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411   

Osswald, Arthur. 1911. "Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Regelung des Verkehrs in den Häfen des Schutzgebiets Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebiets der Karolinen-, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln." [Regulation by the Imperial Governor of New Guinea regarding the regulation of the traffic in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Islands Territory of the Caroline, Palau, Mariana and Marshall Islands]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 3, no. 3, pp. 10-13.

Regulation covering aspects such as the requirement to make arrival known to the harbour master, observance of quarantine regulations, acquisition and discharge of ballast, lighting of vessels at night, behaviour of ships' crews when ashore and the like.
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412   

Osswald, Arthur. 1912. "Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung betreffend die gesundheitspolizeiliche Kontrolle der Seeschiffe in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln." [Bye-laws for the regulation regarding the quarantine control of ocean going ships in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea including the Islands Territory of the Caroline, Palau, Mariana and Marshall Islands]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, no. 6, p. 71.

New, standardised quarantine laws repealing the individual district quarantine regulations hitherto in force. The approaches for the different communicable diseases are set out, including a form which had to be filed by every ship arriving in one of the harbours.
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413   

Osswald, Arthur. 1912. "Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea betreffend den Verkehr mit Sprengstoffen vom 1. März 1912." [Bye-laws to the Regulation by the Governor of New Guinea regarding the trade in explosives, dated 1 March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 19, pp. 938-939.

Guidelines for the regulations on the sale, storage and handling of explosives, including sample forms.
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414   

Osswald, Arthur. 1912. "Verordnung betreffend die gesundheitspolizeiliche Kontrolle der Seeschiffe in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln." [Regulation regarding the quarantine control of ocean going ships in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea including the Islands Territory of the Caroline, Palau, Mariana and Marshall Islands ]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, no. 6, p. 69-71.

New, standardised quarantine laws repealing the individual district quarantine regulations hitherto in force.
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415   

Osswald, Arthur. 1912. "Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea betreffend den Verkehr mit Sprengstoffen vom 1. März 1912." [Regulation by the Governor of New Guinea regarding the trade in explosives, dated 1 March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 19, p. 936.

Regulations on the sale, storage and handling of explosives. Requires permits by the government. Those entitled to use and handle explosives have to keep a log of the amount stored and used. Any use of explosives requires supervision by a non-indigenous person.
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416   

Posadowsky, Artur Graf von. 1900. "Verfügung betreffend die einstweilige Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 24. Juli 1899." [Regulation regarding the temporary regulation of the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 24 July 1899]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 3, p. 94.

The administration of the Islands Territory is placed under the Governor German New Guinea and establishing a Vice-Governor in Pohnpei and district administrators in Yap and Saipan. The administrators have the power of consular officers and have control over maritime laws in their areas.
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417   

Posadowsky, Artur Graf von. 1900. "Verfügung betreffend die Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 24. Juli 1899." [Regulation regarding the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 24 July 1899]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 83.

The administration of the Islands Territory is placed under the Governor German New Guinea and establishing a Vice-Governor in Pohnpei and district administrators in Yap and Saipan. The administrators have the power of consular officers and have control over maritime laws in their areas.
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418   

Posadowsky, Artur Graf von. 1900. "Verordnung betreffend die Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Regulation regarding the structure of the administration and the legal situation in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 2 July 1899]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 3, p. 94.

The regulation establishes the structure of the administration in the Islands Territory subordinate to the Governor in New Guinea, determines the level of chief administrator appointments in Saipan, Yap (both district administrators) and Pohnpei (Vice-Governor), and sets out the powers of jurisdiction and jurisprudence held by the administrators.
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419   

Radowitz, Joseph von and Silvela, Francisco. 1900. "Vertrag zwischen dem Reich und Spanien zur Bestätigung der am 12. Februar 1899 in Madrid unterzeichneneten Erklärung, betr[effend] die Inselgruppen der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Treaty between the German Empire and Spain regarding the declaration signed on 12 February 1899 in Madrid regarding the island groups of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 76-77.

Treaty between Germany and Spain regarding the purchase of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas by Germany for the sum of 25 million Pesetas.
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420   

Reichs General Postamt. 1905. "Bekanntmachung des Kaiserlichen General Postamts, betreffend die Befreiung portopflichtiger Dienstbriefe von dem für unfrankierte Briefe zu erhebenden Zuschlagporto, vom 28 November 1871." [Notification by the Imperial General Post Office regarding the exemption of official mail requiring postage from the payment of postage due on unfranked letters, dated 28 November 1871]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 9, p. 271.

Explanation of the stipulations and procedures regarding the regulation ensuring that official domestic mail can be sent without stamps and that the recipients will not be charged for the lacking postage.
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421   

Reichskanzler and Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. "Vertrag zwischen dem Reichskanzler und der Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg über die Unterhaltung einer Postdampferverbindung zwischen Sydney, den Marshall Inseln, den Karolinen, HongKong und dem Bismarck-Archipel. (5/6 December 1901)." [Contract between the Imperial Chancellor and the Jaluit Gesellschaft in Hamburg regarding the provision of a mail steamer connection between Sydney, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, HongKong and the Bismarck-Archipelago]. In: Anon. (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902 [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Sixth Part 1901 to 1902]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Key provisions: the Jaluit Gesellschaft will acquire and maintain a mail steamer running three times a year the route Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap to HongKong and back from HongKong via Herbertshöhe, Matupit (if needed), Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, Jaluit to Sydney. The contractual requirements for the type and speed of vessel and for the processing of the mail service are detailed.


422   

Reichskanzler and Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. "Vertrag zwischen dem Reichskanzler und der Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg über die Unterhaltung einer Postdampferverbindung zwischen Sydney, den Marshall Inseln, den Karolinen, HongKong und dem Bismarck-Archipel." [Contract between the Imperial Chancellor and the Jaluit Gesellschaft in Hamburg regarding the provision of a mail steamer connection between Sydney, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, HongKong and the Bismarck-Archipelago]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, no. 4, pp. 83-86.

Key provisions: the Jaluit Gesellschaft will acquire and maintain a mail steamer running three times a year the route Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap to HongKong and back from HongKong via Herbertshöhe, Matupit (if needed), Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, Jaluit to Sydney. The contractual requirements for the type and speed of vessel and for the processing of the mail service are detailed.
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423   

Reichskanzler and Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1909. "Vertrag zwischen dem Reichskanzler und der Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg über die Unterhaltung einer Postdampferverbindung zwischen Sydney, den Marshall Inseln, den Karolinen, HongKong und dem Bismarck-Archipel." [Contract between the Imperial Chancellor and the Jaluit Gesellschaft in Hamburg regarding the provision of a mail steamer connection between Sydney, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, HongKong and the Bismarck-Archipelago]. In: Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 291-292.

Key provisions: the Jaluit Gesellschaft will acquire and maintain a mail steamer running three times a year the route Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap to HongKong and back from HongKong via Herbertshöhe, Matupit (if needed), Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, Jaluit to Sydney. The contractual requirements for the type and speed of vessel and for the processing of the mail service are detailed.


424   

Riebow, G. 1898. Die Deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse und internationalen Vereinbarungen, mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Erster Theil bis zum Jahr 1892. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. First section until 1892]. Berlin: D. Reimer.

Reprint of all legislation and regulations applicable to the German colonies. Contains a number of entries on the Mariana Islands. The series was continued by Zimmermann and other authors. This initial compilation was by far the bulkiest.


425   

Schlimm, K. 1905. "Das Grundstücksrecht in den deutschen Kolonien." [Real estate legislation in the German colonies]. Juristische Fakultät, Universität zu TübingenDissertation. Leipzig-Rednitz: August Hoffmann.

In-depth discussion of the state of legislation governing the ownership of immoveable property in the German colonies. Details the history of the property legislation, and the various levels of ownership and sales. A major section deals with the concept of terra nullius / res nullius.
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426   

Schönstedt. 1904. "Allgemeine Verfügung des Preußischen Justizministers wegen des bei der Pfändung der Gehälter oder der Pension von Beamten der Schutzgebiete zu beobachtenden Verfahrens." [General directive by the Prussian Minister for Justice regarding the procedures to be followed when seizing the income or pensions of civil servants in the protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, pp. 226-227.

Housekeeping directive to ensure that any court orders for seizure or forfeiture will not take effect until actual delivery to the person in the protectorates rather than at the time of receipt by the colonial office. Included as an example of the administrative detail of German colonial regulations.
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427   

Senfft, Arno. 1907. "Bekanntmachung des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmanns in Jap, betreffend die Station Saipan, vom 29. Juni 1907." [Proclamation of the Imperial district administrator on Yap regarding the Saipan station, dated 29 June 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 20, p. 981.

Regulation governing the functioning of Saipan as a station of the western Carolines District. All administrative duties are transferred to the station chief, who will also preside over the court hearing cases against islanders in the Marianas.
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428   

Senfft, Arno. 1908. "Bekanntmachung des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmanns in Jap, betreffend die Station Saipan, vom 29. Juni 1907." [Proclamation of the Imperial district administrator on Yap regarding the Saipan station, dated 29 June 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 276.

Regulation governing the functioning of Saipan as a station of the western Carolines District. All administrative duties are transferred to the station chief, who will also preside over the court hearing cases against islanders in the Marianas.


429   

Senfft, Arno. 1909. "Verordnung des Bezirksamts von Yap, betreffend Bekämpfung der Schildlauskrankheit." [Regulation by the district office Yap regarding the containment of the coconut scale insect]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 7, p. 303.

Regulation to reduce the impact of the coconut scale insect. Landowners on Palau are required to destroy infected palm and vegetation, by burning.
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430   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1909. "Ausführungsbestimmungen des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Samoa zur Kaiserlichen Verordnung, betreffend Zwangs- und Strafbefugnisse der Verwaltungsbehörden in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 14 Juli 1905." [Bye-laws by the Governor of German Samoa for carrying out the Imperial decree concerning the rights of administrators in the protectorates in Africa and the South Sea to give force to administrative and civil actions, dated 14 July 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 1, pp. 8-15.

Executing regulations regarding the Imperial decree governing administration of various administrative actions to enforce the payment of fines and public and private debts and the ability to confiscate forfeited property to ensure that such debts are paid. This decree will be in force in the absence of specific decree passed by the individual protectorates. (Included as an example how a different administrator phrased the same issue; see no. 431 for item applicable to the Marianas). ###.
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431   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. "Verordnung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die Ausdehnung der Strafverordnung für die Eingeborenen von Neuguinea vom 21. Oktober 1888 auf das Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the extension of the applicability penal code for indigenous peoples in New Guinea dated 21 October 1888 to the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 15, p. 696.

Housekeeping regulation to create a uniform penal code for the protectorate of German New Guinea.
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432   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. "Verordnung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die Ermächtigung der Gouverneure der afrikanischen und Südsee Schutzgebiete zur Neuschaffung, Verlegung und Aufhebung von Verwaltungsbehörden und zur Abänderung der Grenzen der Verwaltungsbezirke." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the authorisation of the Governors of the African and South Seas Protectorates to create, move and abolish administrative sections and to alter the boundaries of administrative districts]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 15, p. 696.

Housekeeping regulation to bring into line across all colonies the powers of the Governors to change the administrative boundaries in their areas.
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433   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. "Verordnung des Reichskanzlers über den Ausnahmeszustand der Eingeborenen in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 15. August 1914." [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the state of emergency with respect to indigenous peoples in the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas, dated 15 August 1914]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 17, pp. 768-769.

Declaration empowering the Governors to declare a state of emergency in their territories. During such conditions shortened court proceedings are permissible against indigenous persons.
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434   

Stübel, Oskar. 1900. "Erteilung von Ermächtigungen zur Beurkundung des Personenstandes in Deutsch-Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [Authorisation to document vital statistics in German New Guinea, inclusive the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 22, p. 861.

District administrators are empowered to perform civil marriages and record births, death and marriages.
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435   

Stübel, Oskar. 1904. "Auszug aus dem Runderlass des Auswärtigen Amtes der Kolonial Abteilung, betreffend die ethnographischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Sammlungen der Beamten und Militärpersonen in den Schutzgebieten, vom 30. März 1903." [Extracts from the circular ordinance by the colonial section of the Foreign office regarding the ethnographic and natural history collections made by civil servants and military personnel in the protectorates, dated 30 March 1902]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. ###.

Civil servants and military personnel are obliged to make their collections available to the Imperial Museums of Ethnography and Natural History.


436   

Stübel, Oskar. 1904. "Dienstanweisung betreffend die trigonometrischen Vermessungen und Berechnungen, vom 20. August 1904." [Directive regarding trigonometric measurements and calculations, dated 20 August 1904]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, no. 18, pp. 553-556.

Description of how to complete the required trigonometric compilations in a cost effective way.


437   

Stübel, Oskar. 1905. "Bestimmungen über die Verhandlung der bei den amtlichen Kassen der Schutzgebiete, außer Deutsch-Ostafrika und Kiautschou, eingehenden nachgemachten, verfälschten oder nicht mehr umlauffähigen Reichsmünzen, Reichskassenscheine und Reichsbanknoten, vom 6. Februar 1905." [Regulations regarding the treatment of forged, falsified and overly worn Imperial German coins and banknotes paid in at the official cashier's offices of the protectorates, with the exception of German East Africa and Jiaozhou, dated 6 February 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 4, pp. 104-105.

The cashier's offices of the German administrations have to hold all falsified or forged coins and banknotes and have to notify the local administration. Coins below weight but not actively modified have to be held and exchanged for new coins. The unusable coins and notes are to be sent back to Berlin.
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438   

Stübel, Oskar. 1905. "Verfügung der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes, betreffend Verhandlung portopflichtiger Dienstsachen, vom 12. April 1905." [Regulation by the Colonial Section of the Foreign Office regarding the handling of official mail requiring postage, dated 12 April 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 9, p. 271.

Regulation ensuring that official domestic mail can be sent without stamps and that the recipients will not be charged for the lacking postage.
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439   

Zimmermann, Alfred. 1898. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zweiter Theil 1893 bis 1897. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and a an index. Second Part 1893 to 1897]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Second volume of the compilation of colonial legislation containing items applicable to the Mariana Islands.


440   

Zimmermann, Alfred. 1899. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dritter Theil 1897 bis 1898. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Third Part 1897 to 1898]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Third volume of the compilation of colonial legislation containing items applicable to the Mariana Islands.


441   

Zimmermann, Alfred. 1900. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Fourth Part 1898 to 1899]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Fourth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation containing items applicable to the Mariana Islands.


442   

Zimmermann, Alfred. 1901. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Fifth Part 1899 to 1900]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.

Fifth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation containing items applicable to the Mariana Islands.

 

Legal System

.


443   

Anon. 1889. "Vorbereitung zur Einrichtung des Schwurgerichtes und Gerichtes letzter Instanz." [Preparations for the establishment of a court with a jury and a court of last resort]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 2, no. 36, p. 333.

Brief note that the establishment of a court with a jury as well as of a court of last resort was well under way in Jaluit (Marshall Islands).


444   

Anon. 1891. "Das Recht der Eingeborenen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The rights of indigenes in German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 8, pp. 145-146.

Brief item on the legal rights of indigenous peoples in the German protectorates. Distinguishes between the German national legislation and that applicable in the colonies.


445   

Anon. 1903. "Personalien." [Personalia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 16, p. 418.

Entry stating that the district administrator in Cameroon, Gustav Boeder, had been appointed district administrator in German East Africa. Boeder was to go on to Pohnpei, where he was killed during the Sokeh's rebellion.


446   

Anon. 1903. "Polizeitruppe in Saipan (Marianen)." [The police force on Saipan (Marianas)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 9, p. 209.

Brief item on the newly founded local police force. The troops are on annual contract, but may be required to assist subsequent to their employment if needed. The force consists of 25 men and 3-4 petty officers. Every 1 January and 1 July half the police force is changed over. Duties are from 6:00 to 8:30 am, being training in marching/drills, shooting, rowing (boats) and firefighting. Troops are paid RMk 4 /month, petty officers RMk 6. By January 1903, 94 Chamorros had served.
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447   

Anon. 1903. "übersicht über die richterlichen Geschäfte des Bezirksgerichtes für die Marianen während des Kalenderjahres 1900." [Summary of the judicial proceedings of the district court for the Marianas for the calendar year 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, p. 214.

Statistical table giving an overview of the number of cases dealt with.
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448   

Anon. 1903. "übersicht über die richterlichen Geschäfte des Bezirksgerichtes für die Marianen während des Kalenderjahres 1901." [Summary of the judicial proceedings of the district court for the Marianas for the calendar year 1901]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 13, p. 277.

Statistical table giving an overview of the number of cases dealt with.
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449   

Anon. 1903. "übersicht über die Geschäfte des Bezirksgerichtes für die Marianen während des Kalenderjahres 1902." [Summary of the proceedings of the district court for the Marianas for the calendar year 1902]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 16, p. 418.

Statistical table giving an overview of the number of cases dealt with.
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450   

Anon. 1905. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1904. 5. Deutsch-Neuguinea einschliesslich der Karolinen. VI. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Saipan." [Overview of the business of the Imperial Courts in the African and South Seas Protectorates during the calendar year 1904. 5. German New Guinea, including the Carolines. VI. Jurisdiction of the district court of Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 12, p. 371.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.
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451   

Anon. 1905. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1904. 7. Marshall-Inseln." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1904. 7. Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 12, p. 372.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.


452   

Anon. 1905. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1904. 5. Deutsch-Neuguinea einschliesslich der Karolinen. I. Gerichtsbarkeit des Obergerichts." [Overview of the business of the Imperial Courts in the African and South Seas Protectorates during the calendar year 1904. 5. German New Guinea, including the Carolines. VI. Jurisdiction of the high court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 12, p. 369.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court (court of appeals).
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453   

Anon. 1906. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1905. 4. Deutsch-Neuguinea einschliesslich der Karolinen." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1905. 4. German New Guinea including the Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 22, pp. 741-743.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.
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454   

Anon. 1906. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1905. 6. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Saipan." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1905. 6. Jurisdiction of the district court at Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 22, p. 742.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.
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455   

Anon. 1906. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1905. 7. Marshall-Inseln." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1905. 7. Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 22, p. 743.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.
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456   

Anon. 1906. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1905. 4. Deutsch-Neuguinea einschliesslich der Karolinen. 1. Obergericht." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1905. 4. German New Guinea including the Carolines 1. High court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 22, p. 740.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court/court of appeal.
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457   

Anon. 1907. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1906. 1. Gerichtsbarkeit des Obergerichts." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1906. 6. Jurisdiction of the high court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 994.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court/court of appeal.


458   

Anon. 1907. "übersicht über die Geschäfte des kaiserlichen Bezirksgerichtes Saipan während des Kalenderjahres 1906." [Summary of the proceedings of the Imperial district court Saipan for the calendar year 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 22, p. 1084.

Statistical summary of the cases heard at Saipan.
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459   

Anon. 1908. "Ausübung der Gerichtsbarkeit in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee." [The exercise of jurisdiction in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 29, p. 518.

Item on the new legislation, authorising imperial judges to delegate the resolution of all cases which do not require the presence of assessors. Notary publics may be recognised in each protectorate as required.


460   

Anon. 1909. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1908. 7. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Jaluit." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1908. 7. Jurisdiction of the district court at Jaluit]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 1138-1139.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.
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461   

Anon. 1909. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1908. 1. Gerichtsbarkeit des Obergerichts." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1908. 7. Jurisdiction of the High Court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 1138-1139.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court (court of appeals).


462   

Anon. 1909. "Die Unruhen auf Samoa." [The unrest on Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 21, p. 355.

According to a telegram received from Apia, Lauati and his followers have been safely interned on Saipan.


463   

Anon. 1909. "Die Unruhen auf Samoa." [The unrest on Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23-2, no. 27, p. 36.

According to a report by the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Lauati and his followers have been arrested.
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464   

Anon. 1909. "Die verbannten Häuptlinge von Samoa." [The exiled chiefs from Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 33, pp. 551-552.

Item narrating the arrival of the exiled Samoan chiefs and their families on Saipan. The item mentions that the Samoans were allocated land to grow their own food, but would be provided with government rations until their crops were ready. The Samoan settlement was erected with Saipan prison labour, as the Samoans were political prisoners and thus could not be expected to work on such projects.
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465   

Anon. 1909. "Die Verschickung der Samoanischen Häuptlinge." [The deportation of the Samoan chiefs]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 18, p. 304.

Comments that the Samoans will be shipped to Saipan and warns that it might be inadvisable to keep them together, as they could stir up trouble there as well.


466   

Anon. 1910. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1909. 6. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Jaluit." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1909. 6. Jurisdiction of the district court at Jaluit]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 981.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.
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467   

Anon. 1910. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1909. 1. Gerichtsbarkeit des Obergerichts." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1909. 1. Jurisdiction of the high court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 978.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court/court of appeals.


468   

Anon. 1910. "Die verbannten Häuptlinge von Samoa." [The exiled chiefs from Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 7, p. 114.

Item on the life of the exiled Samoans on Saipan. Describes the land handed to the Samoans for production as well as the newly built village.
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469   

Anon. 1911. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1910. 6. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Jaluit." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1910. 6. Jurisdiction of the district court at Jaluit]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 23, p. 887.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.
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470   

Anon. 1911. "übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1910. 1. Obergericht." [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1910. 1. High Court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 23, p. 884.

Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court (court of appeals).
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471   

Anon. 1911. "Verzeichnis der Schutzgebietsgerichte mit Angabe ihrer Bezirke nach dem Stande vom 1. April 1911." [Register of the court districts in the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, no. 9, pp. 341-342.

List of the court districts in the German protectorates. Lists the district court of Pohnpei as covering the Eastern Carolines including Chuuk, the Marshalls and Nauru; and the district court on Yap as covering the Western Carolines, covering Yap, Palau and the Marianas. The High Court (Appellate Court) is based in Rabaul.
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472   

Anon. 1912. "Bestimmungen betreffend Erkrankungen von Haustieren und Einfuhr von Tieren in Neuguinea." [Order concerning the illness of domestic animals and the introduction of animals into New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 31, p. 539.

Summary of the provisions of the legislation concerning the communicable animal diseases and the importation of animals. If communicable diseases are found in local animal herds, the government may order the culling of a herd. All vessels bringing in animals from outside the territory are subject to a quarantine inspection by a veterinarian.
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473   

Anon. 1912. "Die Frage der Mischehen." [The question of mixed marriages]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 14, pp. 214-216.

Article summarising the view of the Imperial German parliament on the nature, desirability and legality of mixed race marriages. In some colonies, such as German Southwest Africa, mixed marriages were illegal, while in others, such as German East Africa, they were subject to approval by the Governor. The main problem was the legal status of any mixed marriage children. As mixed marriages were not deemed legally binding, a joint commission of the parliament recommended that such marriages be formally recognised and registered, that the legal status of any children derived from these marriages be clarified through legislation, and that funds be allocated to achieve this.
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474   

Anon. 1912. "Die Frage der Mischehen." [The question of mixed marriages]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 6, p. 84.

Item on the legality of formal marriages between white colonials and members of the local population. Future formal marriages are henceforth declared illegal. The precedent was a case in Samoa. The numbers of mixed marriages in the South Seas, particularly the Bismarcks, the Carolines and the Marshalls is deplored.
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475   

Anon. 1913. "Samoa und die Mischehenfrage." [Samoa and the question of mixed marriages]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 12, p. 201.

A report on the status of the mixed marriages in Samoa. Not only have such marriages been illegal for a while, but questions have been raised whether earlier marriages are legally valid. What legal status and protection (alimony) is to be afforded to children from de facto marriages? The Advisory Board for the Government of Samoa (Gouvernmentsrat) recommended that the old marriages be declared valid, that such future marriages not be permitted, and that the Governor have the discretion to extend legal protection to children derived from de facto marriages on a case by case basis.
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476   

Gerstmeyer. 1920. "Prügelstrafe." [Corporal punishment]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. III (P-Z), p. 111.

Brief encyclopedia entry on the legality and practice of corporal punishment in the German colonies.
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477   

Hermann, Rudolf. 1908. "Die Prügelsrafe nach deutschen Kolonialrecht." [Corporal punishment according to German colonial law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 10, pp. 72-83.

Treatise on the legal basis for corporal punishment, mainly focussing on the situation in Africa and China. Statistics on the application of corporal punishment in the various colonies is given, with German East Africa by far the most frequent user.
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478   

Hesse, Hermann. 1901. "Die Rechtsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete." [The legal situation of the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, no. 14, pp. 133-135; no. 15, pp. 143-144.

Item discussing the legal status of the German colonies.
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479   

Hesse, Hermann. 1903. "Die Rechte an Grundstücken in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The rights to real estate in the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 13, pp. 124-125.

Overview of the new code governing the ownership and acquisition of land. Sets out that land cannot be alienated unless approved by the German administration and that cadastral registers are required. The need for geodetic surveys and establishment of land records is highlighted.
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480   

Hoffmann, Edler von. 1905. "Kolonialregierung und Kolonialgesetzgebung." [Colonial government and colonial legislation]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 7, pp. 362-373.

The paper discusses the legal and administrative structure of the German colonial administration and the powers to pass laws with respect to the colonies. Addresses issues on the role of parliament in shaping colonial legislation and how colonial law is actually developed.


481   

Karlowa, Hans. 1911. Die Strafgerichtsbarkeit über die Eingeborenen in den deutschen Kolonien. [The criminal jurisdiction over the indigenous peoples in the German colonies]. Borna-Leipzig: Robert Noske.

Review of the legal foundation of the execution of jurisdiction over the indigenous inhabitants of the German colonies.
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482   

Köbner, Otto. 1903. Die Organisation der Rechtspflege in den deutschen Kolonien. [The organisation of jurisprudence in the colonies]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn.

Treatise on the structure of the judiciary in the German colonies. The section on the German South Seas colonies is very brief. At the time of writing the court system for the Marianas and Carolines had not been finalised.
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483   

Meyer, Felix. 1907. "Die Erforschung und Kodifikation des Eingeborenenrechts." [Research and codification of indigenous law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 9, no. 11, pp. 847-869.

Treatise on the role of traditional law in the body of German colonial law. Reviews the development of French, Dutch and British colonial law in the early and mid-19th century. The German colonial office required all administrations to compile a review of the local traditional legal systems and concepts. Argues that while the research into such legal concepts is enlightening, its codification could result in complications. The traditional legal concepts, derived from cultural bases, are often so different from the base of Roman law that common ground cannot be found.


484   

Perels, Kurt. 1912. "Eingeborenenrecht in den deutschen Kolonien." [Indigenous law in the German Colonies]. Die Grenzboten. Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst 1, pp. 1-8.

The paper discusses the issues surrounding the collection and potential recognition of indigenous legal concepts in the German colonies. From 1907 the German administrations were under direction to collect information on the traditional legal systems, of concepts of law and order in the German colonies. The project was aimed at understanding the nature of traditional decisions making and how the colonial administration could utilise some of the processes and structures to enforce its own views. The German colonial legislation paved the way be decreeing that the German law as practiced and enforced in Europe does not necessarily apply in the colonies and that local norming of the judicial process has to occur. Yet the punishment meted out could not be more severe than in Germany itself, and unacceptable forms of punishment (such as hacking off a hand etc) could not be applied even though they might be sanctioned by traditional law. The paper argues that knowledge of traditional law is essential for the appropriate running of a colony, but that this law should only be applied where opportune, and that it should never be codified.


485   

Peters, Emil. 1906. Der Begriff sowie die staats- und völkerrechtliche Stellung der Eingeborenen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten nach dem deutschen Kolonialrechte. Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Hohen juristischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität. [The concept and the national and international legal position of the natives of the German protectorates according to German colonial law]. Göttingen: Dieterich'sche Universitätsdruckerei.

PhD thesis discussing the concept of natives according to historic foundations and the current national and international law, focussing on the nature of citizenship. A discussion covers the standing of the indigenous peoples of the German colonies by comparing naturalised indigenous individuals, non-naturalised peoples, the Chinese in Jiaozhou (Jiazhou) and the special position of the tribal and clan chiefs.
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486   

Prager, Erich. 1903. "Einrichtung von Grundbuchbezirken." [Establishment of land registry districts]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, pp. 468-469.

Brief item on the establishment of cadastral districts and registers in the Islands Territory. The formal cadastral survey of the protectorate was announced.
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487   

Radlauer, Ernst. 1909. "Die kolonialrechtliche Lösung der Mischehenfrage." [The solution of the question of mixed marriages based on colonial law]. Annalen des deutschen Reiches 11, pp. 853-861.

Legal treatise on the status of mixed marriages. The author concludes that unless Imperial law or regulations or local tribal laws make mixed marriages illegal, such marriages have the same standing as marriages among Germans if they have been witnessed by consular officers or other officials authorised to conduct weddings. However, marriages based solely on local traditional laws are deemed invalid.
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488   

Reichskolonialamt. 1907. "Kriminalstatistik für das Berichtsjahr 1906/07." [Court Statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 8, pp. 53-55.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


489   

Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Kriminalstatistik für das Berichtsjahr 1906/07." [Court Statitics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 7, pp. 53-56.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


490   

Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Kriminalstatistik für das Berichtsjahr 1907/08." [Court Statitics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 7, pp. 46-48.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


491   

Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Kriminalstatistik." [Court Statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 22-24.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


492   

Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Kriminalstatistik." [Court Statitics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 46-48.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


493   

Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Kriminalstatistik für das Berichtsjahr 1908/09." [Court Statitics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 1, pp. 21-24.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


494   

Reichskolonialamt. 1910. "Rechtspflege in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1910. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [Jurisprudence in the individual protectorates 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. I. 2, p. 28.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


495   

Reichskolonialamt. 1910. "Rechtspflege in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1911. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [Jurisprudence in the individual protectorates 1912. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. I. 3, p. 50.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


496   

Reichstag. 1907. "Kriminalstatistik." [Court Statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 353-356.

Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


497   

Schack, Friedrich. 1923. Das deutsche Kolonialrecht in seiner Entwicklung bis zum Weltkriege. [The development of the German colonial law until the World War]. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen. 434p.

Detailed retrospective discussion of the development of German colonial law. The discussion on Micronesia focuses on the administrative arrangement for the Marshall Islands as a concession to the Jaluit Gesellschaft, and the development of a claim of German sovereignty over the islands. Because Spain had sovereignty over the Carolines, Palau and Marianas (after the Spanish-American war of 1898 with the exception of Guam), the purchase of these islands by Germany transferred the sovereignty to the German Empire. Thus all German colonial law found applicability without exception.
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498   

Schreiber. 1904. "Koloniales Kirchenrecht." [Colonial church law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, no. 12, pp. 871-884.

Discussion of the role and status of the church in the German colonies and the role of the Church law. Provides an overview of the mission societies active in the German colonies and their legal and administrative structure.


499   

Schreiber. 1904. "Die rechtliche Stellung der Bewohner der deutschen Schutzgebiete." [The legal position of the inhabitants of the German protectorates]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 760-775.

Discussion of the various German colonial laws as they pertain to the inhabitants of the various German protectorates. The paper reviews the legal structure of the various colonies and protectorates, and distinguishes between German citizens living in the German colonies, the naturalised foreigners or indigenous peoples, persons of foreign nationality and the indigenous peoples in the colonies. For each group the legal status is discussed. Comments on the de facto duality of laws where the Europeans live according to German law and the indigenous people (largely) according to traditional law.


500   

Schreiber. 1907. "Zur Kodifikation des Eingeborenen-Rechts." [On the codification of indigenous law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 9, no. 11, pp. 477-487.

Discusses the potential implications of a codification of traditional laws. Stresses that the differences in legal concepts between the local communities and the German colonial masters (with their concepts of Roman law) have led to ongoing conflict and mistrust. Even though Germany is legally able to enforce German law in all its territories, including the German Colonies, this is deemed inappropriate. The author argues that it would be impossible to codify all local legislation. Both the sheer volume and the large number of languages would make this impossible. Any attempt at codification would certainly have to remove all those legal concepts which are morally incompatible with modern civilisation.


501   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1909. "Samoa. Die letzten Unruhen." [Samoa, the latest disturbances]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, no. 13, pp. 635-644.

Account of the Mau resistance towards German policies regarding traditional political succession on Samoa, led by Lauati. The rebellion was suppressed and Lauati and nine other chiefs (with their families and retinue) were deported to Saipan aboard SMS Jaguar and SMS Arcona.
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502   

[Solf, Wilhelm. 1909. "Die Vorgänge auf Samoa." [The occurrences on Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 26 Supplement, pp. 445-448.

Summary of a report by the German Governor of Samoa, Wilhelm Solf, on the events that led to the deportation of the Samoa chief Lauati and a number of his followers to Saipan.
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503   

Stengel, Karl Freiherr von. 1895. "Die deutschen Schutzgebiete, ihre rechtliche Stellung, Verfassung und Verwaltung." [The German protectorates, their legal status, constitutions and administration]. Annalen des Deutschen Reiches pp. 493-782.

Discussion of the legal structure of the German protectorates in Africa, New Guinea and the Marshall Islands, written at a time before the Marianas were acquired. The treatise addresses issues of sovereignty and the status of the protectorates in relation to Germany proper, the various administrative laws and structures including consular and fiscal legislation, and the legislative and jurisdictional powers entailed in the colonial regulations and directives.


504   

Stengel, Karl Freiherr von. 1901. Die Rechtsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete. [The state of the legal system in the German protectorates]. Tübingen and Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr.

In-depth comparative study of the legislation applicable to the German protectorates. The study addresses issues of sovereignty and the status of the protectorates in relation to Germany proper, the various administrative laws and structures including consular and fiscal legislation, and the legislative and jurisdictional powers entailed in the colonial regulations and directives.
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Administrative Structure

.

505   

Anon. 1890. "Bekanntmachung betreffend die Errichtung der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes." [Notification of the establishment of a colonial section in the Foreign Office]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 1, p. 119.

A seperate colonial section was established in the Foreign Office to cater for the special needs of Germany's nascent colonies.


506   

Anon. 1902. "Dr. Hahl, Gouverneur für Neuguinea." [Dr. Hahl, Governor for New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 50, pp. 505-506.

Biographical sketch of Albert Hahl on the occasion of his appointment as Governor General for German New Guinea.


507   

Anon. 1903. "Aus der Südsee. Marianen." [From the South Seas. Marianas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 17, no. 25, p. 975.

Item on the fact that the Malay police troops on Saipan have been replaced by Chamorro and Carolinian local police cadets. A brief overview of their training and conditions of employment is given.
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508   

Anon. 1905. "Personalien." [Personal Items]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 12, p. 373.

Both Georg Fritz and Victor Berg were promoted to 'Kaiserlicher Regierungsrat' for the duration of their employment in the colonial service.
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509   

Anon. 1905. "Personalien." [Personal Items]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 12, p. 435.

Item mentioning that Dr. Dwucet arrived on 13 March 1905 in Saipan.
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510   

Anon. 1906. "Personal-Nachrichten." [Personalia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 11, p. 341.

Brief item notifying that Fritz had taken up the administration of the Yap district office for the duration of Senfft's furlough.
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511   

Anon. 1906. "Personalien." [Personal Items]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 341.

Item mentioning that Georg Fritz had moved to Yap.


512   

Anon. 1908. "Die Auflösung des Kolonialrats." [The dissolution of the colonial council]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 12, pp. 194-196.

Item discussing the future of the administration of the German colonies after the Colonial Advisory Council (Kolonialrat) had been abolished (established in 1890). The German Colonial Society deplored the loss of an avenue of valuable feedback from people living in the colonies.
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513   

Anon. 1909. "Der neue Bezirksamtmann der Westkarolinen." [The new district administrator for the Western Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 34, p. 567.

Item mentioning that Gustav Boeder was scheduled to depart Berlin for Yap, where he was to take up the position of district administrator, following Senfft's death.


514   

Anon. 1909. "Trennung von Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in den Kolonien." [Separation between administration and the judiciary in the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, p. 282.

Reviews the current policies regarding the separation of powers between the judiciary and the administration of German colonies, with special reference to developments in Jiazhou.
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515   

Anon. 1910. "Aus Deutsch-Mikronesien." [From German Micronesia]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 21, p. 343.

Obituary for Karl Kirn, mentioning that he died en route home in Moscow, aged 35, due to an infection of the respiratory system. The item comments that with Kirn's death three administrators and one settler had died unexpectedly in the Western Carolines (and Marianas) district since 1907.
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516   

Anon. 1910. "Deutsch-Neuguinea. Japanischer Konsul." [German New Guinea, Japanese Consul]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 453.

Item mentioning that Miki Saito, Japanese Consul General in Sydney, had been also appointed Japanese consul for the protectorate of New Guinea (including the Islands Territory).
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517   

Anon. 1910. "Deutsch-Neuguinea. Norwegischer Konsul." [German New Guinea, Norwegian Consul]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 425.

Item mentioning that Emil Timm of Matupi (New Guinea) had been appointed Norwegian consul for the protectorate of New Guinea (including the Islands Territory).
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518   

Anon. 1910. "Personalien. Deutsch-Neuguinea. " [Personalia. German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 425.

Example of personnel notes included in later issues of the Deutsches Kolonialblatt. Mentions the arrival of Dr. Salecker as government physician on Saipan and the departure of Dr. Ludwig Born, the teacher Vogt as well as other staff.
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519   

Anon. 1910. "Stationsleiter Kirn ." [Station chief Kirn ]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 10, p. 416.

Brief notice on the death of the Saipan station chief Karl Kirn who died of pneumonia on 29 April 1910 in Moscow en route to Germany on home leave.
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520   

Anon. 1911. "Tagegelder, Fuhrkosten und Umzugskosten der Kolonialbeamten." [Per diem, moving and travel expenses for colonial officials]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 23, p. 385.

Description of the new rates of travel expenses for colonial staff travelling on business.
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521   

Anon. 1912. "[Personal Nachrichten]." Personal news. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 22, p. 1186.

Note stating that Dr. Salecker arrived in Saipan on 3 May 1912.
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522   

Anon. 1920. "Georg Fritz." [Georg Fritz]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. I (A-G), p. 666.

Biographical entry on Georg Fritz.
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523   

Helfferich, D. 1905. Zur Reform der kolonialen Verwaltungs-Organisation. [On the reform of the colonial adminsitration and its organisation]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn.

Position paper reviewing and discussing the state of the German colonial administration in late 1904 with respect to the organisation of the central administration in Berlin and local administration in the individual colonies and the interplay between the two bodies. The paper stresses the hierarchical nature of administration but advocates the sense in establishing advisory bodies, made up of local economic interests. Also stresses the fact that autonomy can not be granted to the local colonial administration as the colonial government will always be the arm of the colonial power and has to do its bidding.


524   

Hogrefe, L. 1913. "Die Laufbahn der deutschen Kolonialbeamten." [The career path of German colonial officers]. Kolonial Monatsblätter. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 15, pp. 121-126.

Paper describing the career structure and selection processes of German colonial officers. The normal tour of duty in the Pacific is three years. Unless specifically recruited, colonial officers are usually on secondment from their normal place of work. All candidates must already be approved civil servants (Beamte) before they can apply for colonial service. A table provides the breakdown of salaries for the various classes of civil servants. The processes described in the paper reflect the status quo close to the end of the German colonial period.
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525   

Kucklentz, Karl. 1914. Das Zollwesen der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee. [The customs system of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas]. Berlin: Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht.

Monographic treatment of the customs system in German New Guinea as well as the Islands Territory, discussing the development of the customs and the then applicable customs tariffs.
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526   

Tesch, Johannes. 1912. Die Laufbahn der Deutschen Kolonialbeamten, ihre Pflichten und Rechte. [The career path of German colonial officers, their duties and rights]. Berlin: Otto Salle.

Monographic treatment of the nature and career structure of German colonial officers, as well as all applicable legislation. Includes a section on the administrative structure, the staffing levels and the payment structure of the various district and regional administrations.
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527   

Thiel, Friedrich. 1899. "Unsere Bezirks- und Landeshauptleute auf den Karolinen." [Our district and country administrators in the Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, no. 29, pp. 258-259.

Paper detailing the biographies of the newly appointed district administrators Georg Fritz, Arno Senfft and Albert Hahl.


528   

[Thiel, Friedrich]. 1899. "Unsere Bezirks- und Landeshauptleute auf den Karolinen." [Our district and country administrators in the Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, no. 31, p. 281.

Item detailing the biographies of the newly appointed district administrators Georg Fritz, Arno Senfft and Albert Hahl.
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529   

Weber, Friedrich. 1909. Die koloniale Finanzverwaltung. [The financial administration of the colonies]. Münster: Verlag der Universitätsbuchhandlung Franz Coppenrath.

Treatise on the administrative mechanisms to ensure that each colony was fiscally responsible, with a discussion on the income sources of the colonies. For the Islands Territory these are discussed as direct and indirect income through taxation and licenses.
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Education

.

530   

Allgemeiner Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschtums im Auslande. 1906. [Handbook of the Germandom abroad together with an address book of German schools abroad]. Handbuch des Deutschtums im Auslande nebst einem Adreßbuch der deutschen Auslandsschulen. 2nd edition. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.

Discussion of the extent of German schools and education in the colonies and in other German settlement areas. For each of the colonies population and economic statistics are given. Incudes a discussion on the schools operated by the government and the missions.
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531   

Anon. 1898. "übersicht der Schulen und Schüler der Boston-Mission in den Marshall-Inseln für 1897." [Overview of the schools and pupils of the Boston Mission in the Marshall Islands for 1897]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 9, p. 246.

Statistical tables of schools and school attendance in the Marshalls. An example of early denominational education.


532   

Anon. 1901. "Die deutsche Schule in Apia." [The German school at Apia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 6, p. 190.

Item on the school year 1899/1900, the last year before Samoa became a German colony. Included as an example of a school catering for the needs of German residents.
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533   

Anon. 1904. "Errichtung einer Regierungsschule auf den Marianen." [The establishment of an imperial school in the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 39, p. 391.

The council of the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft had asked to establish a teacher's position on Saipan. The Allgemeine Deutsche Schulverein has notified the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft that a position has been advertised. The conditions are a three-year term, with a salary of RMk 4000 plus free housing.


534   

Anon. 1904. "Kiautschou-Gouvernmentsschule." [Jiaozhou-Gouvernement School]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 32, p. 390.

Brief item on the first annual report of the German government high school in Jiaozhou. The use of the school was primarily for the male children of German citizens in Eastern Asia. Operational were the first three years of high school (Sexta, Quinta, Quarta), with other classes being opened up each year as the population of pupils migrates through the system.
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535   

Anon. 1905. "Deutsch Unterricht für Chamorros." [German lessons for Chamorros]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, no. 28, p. 294.

Item on the instruction of Chamorro in German. Fritz's efforts are praised. The paper states that Fritz, 'upon the request of several natives desirous of learning German,' opened an evening school for adults, starting 1 February 1905, with one two-hour class per week. From 1 April 1905 the classes were taught on Sunday mornings. The about 30 students were given a work sheet that had been written and multiplied by Fritz himself.
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536   

Anon. 1913. "Abschlußprüfung and der Tsingtauer Hochschule." [Final exams at the college of Qingdao]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 5, p. 71.

Item on the first final exams of the Jiazhou college, with students graduating in law and agriculture.


537   

Anon. 1913. "Deutsch-Chinesische Hochschule in Tsingtau." [German-Chinese College in Qingdao]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 35, p. 581.

Item on the plans to expand the school system in Jiazhou and to expand the local college to a university.


538   

Anon. 1913. "Universität Tsingtau." [Qingdao University]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, p. 353.

Brief item discussing plans to establish a German university at Qingdao.
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539   

Anon. 1914. "Schulwesen in der deutschen Südsee." [Educational matters in the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 18, p. 299.

Item on the state of education in the German South Seas. The school on Saipan was so much sought after that the number of places became insufficient. A number of pupils were sent to the Catholic School. The Saipan school is slated for a major budgetary increase in the 1916/18 budget [which never eventuated due to the war]. A government school is planned for Jaluit as well, as the existing Protestant schools do not sufficiently service the German interests.


540   

Barschdorff. 1912. "Von der Regierungsschule." [From the government school]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, no. 20, pp. 213-215.

Brief item on the operation of the German government school in Namalula, included to provide contrast to the operation of the German school on Saipan.
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541   

Barschdorff. 1913. "Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit der Regierungsschulen in Namalula. (1. April 1912 -31. März 1913)." [Annual report on the activities of the government schools at Namalula (1 April 1912 to 31 March 1913). Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, no. 8, pp. 69-73.

The annual report on the school system contains a detailed presentation of the curriculum. It has been included here for comparative purposes to the government school at Saipan.
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542   

Barth, Christian B. 1911. "über das Schulwesen unserer Schutzgebiete." [On the school system of our protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, no. 2, pp. 25-26; no. 3, pp. 41-42.

Item discussing the schooling in German East Africa, Kamerun, Togo (included for comparative purposes).
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543   

Damm, Otto. 1901. "Deutsche Schule Apia-Samoa." [German School Apia-Samoa]. In: Müller, J. P (ed.), Deutsche Schulen und deutscher Unterricht im Auslande. Leipzig: Th. Thomas. Pp. 367-370.

Description of the history and curriculum of the German school in Apia (founded 1891). Included as background information for the Saipan school.
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544   

Duffner, Venantius. 1912. "Schulbericht des Apostolischen Präfekten Venantius in Jap." [Report by the apostolic prefect on the school in Yap]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, no. 1, p. 4-5.

The annual report for 1911 provides statistics on number of pupils, the teaching of German, and the curriculum as a whole.
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545   

Dwucet, F. 1908. "Als Lehrer und Bienenzüchter auf Saipan." [As teacher and apiarist on Saipan]. In: Wiese, J (ed.), Neu-Deutschland. Unsere Kolonien in Wort und Bild. Berlin: Meidinger's Jugendschriften Verlag. Pp. 363-368.

Description of the German school system on Saipan with details on curricula, teaching staff, the post-1905 erected school building. Written for young people.
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Associated photos (better scans)


546   

Fritz, Georg. 1907. "Kurze Geschichte der Marianen." [Brief history of the Marianas]. Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen 10, p. 218-228.

The text and German transliteration and translation of a history schoolbook text in Chamorro written by Fritz to support his Chamorro education scheme.
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547   

Geyer, Albert. 1908. Die deutschen Kolonien in schulgemässer Behandlung nebst 30 Landschafts-,Städte- und Characterbildern. [The German colonies treated for use in school, together with 30 country, town and character sketches]. Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung.

School book on the German colonies. Contains teaching materials as well as curriculum content.


548   

Gründl, F. 1904. Schulfibel für die Insel Nauru. Sydney: Finn Brothers.

School book for Nauru, contains German language instruction.


549   

Irmer, Georg. 1908. "Die Bedeutung der Karolinen, Marianen und Palauinseln." [The importance of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands]. In: Geyer, Albert (ed.). Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung. Pp. 120-125.

Reader segment for a school book on the German colonies. Brief and superficial geography and ethnography of German Micronesia.
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550   

Jacobi, E. 1904. "Eine koloniale Schulrechtsfrage." [A question of colonial education law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 266-272.

Reviews the legal standing of the schools in the German policies, and the powers of the colonial administrations to close non-German schools, as well as the powers to prescribe aspects of the curriculum such as the language of instruction. The author concludes that national German school legislation does not apply in the colonies and that therefore the administration has no legal handle to force privately run schools (such as mission schools) to conform to German school laws.
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551   

König, B. von. 1912. "Die Eingeborenen-Schulen in den Deutschen Kolonien Afrikas und der Südsee." [The indigenous schools in the German colonies in Africa and the South Seas]. Koloniale Rundschau 1, no. 5, pp. 257-268; no. 6, pp. 405-449; no. 7, pp. 529-543; no. 8, pp. 616-624; no. 12, pp. 721-732; vol. 2, no. 1, 1913, pp. 5-26.

Detailed treatment of the German school system in the colonies including curricula and statistics of schools and school attendance. The colonial policy is evaluated with regard to the schools and the implications for the future of Germany's colonies. Particular attention is given to the question of whether German should be the primary language of instruction.
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552   

Krauß, Emil. 1915. "Missions- und Schulwesen in den deutschen Kolonien." [Missions and scholling in the German colonies]. Süddeutsche Monatshefte 12, no. 11, p. 759-762.

Brief review of the German colonial school system after the loss of all colonies, with some statistics on the total funding for eduction (1910-1914).
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553   

Kreher, Hugo. 1901. "Havana. Deutsche Schule." [Havana. German School]. In: Müller, J. P (ed.), Deutsche Schulen und deutscher Unterricht im Auslande. Leipzig: Th. Thomas. Pp. 350-351.

Description of the German school in Havana. Included as background information on the Saipan teacher Dr. Dwucet who had come from Havana.
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554   

Krieger, M. 1905. "Das Alumnat der Gouvernmentsschule von Tsingtau." [The alumni of the Government school at Qingdao]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, no. 28, p. 292.

The nature and work of the Government school at Qingdao is discussed, including details of the cost of schooling and the size of enrolments.
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555   

Lehmann, Eusebius. 1909. Der erste Unterricht auf Jap. Eine Schulfiebel in Deutsch-Japisch. [The first lessons on Yap. A school book in German-Yapese]. Freiburg: Herder.

School text for primary schools on Yap.


556   

Lenz, Gustav and Fritz, Georg. 1905. "Die deutsche Schule in Saipan (Marianen)." [The German school on Saipan (Marianas), with one photograph]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, pp. 427-428.

Description of the operation of the German school on Saipan, based on a letter sent by Georg Fritz. Contains information on the sequence of classes as well as glimpses of the curriculum.
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557   

Madre, Corbinian. 1911. "Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Die Missionsschule auf Rota." [Pictures from mission life. The mission school on Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 47-48.

Discussion of the mission school on Rota, which became the sole education provider on the island after the German government school was closed down. The item contains statistical information as well as a narrative on the performance and abilities of the pupils.


558   

Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. "Schullehrer für das Schutzgebiet." [School teachers for the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 5, p. 44.

Notice indicating that the colonial office would offer positions for government teachers. Applicants must be between 24 and 30 years old, suitable for service in the tropics, and would be paid the voyage out and back, RMk 500 to set up their home, as well as an annual salary of RMk 4000 plus free accommodation. If teachers agree to a second term of duty, they will be granted 4 month paid home leave between the two appointments.


559   

Meinecke, Carl. 1902. "Bodengestalt der Marianen." [Geology of the Marianas]. In: Seidel, A (ed.), Deutschlands Kolonien. koloniales Lesebuch für Schule und Haus. Beschreibung der deutschen Schutzgebiete nebst einer Auswahl aus der kolonialen Litteratur. Berlin: Carl Heymanns Verlag. P. 274.

Extract from Meinicke's work on the Pacific as part of a colonial reader.
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560   

Mirbt, Karl. 1914. "Die Schulen für Eingeborene in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The schools for indigenous peoples in the German protectorates]. Koloniale Monatsblätter 16, no. 3, p. 218-238.

Overview of the state of education in the German colonies. Laudes the efforts made by the various mission societies in the education of the local communities. Across the board, indigenous teachers outnumbered German and other expatriate teachers, indicating that the education system had succeeded in creating a group of well educated individuals. The picture, however, is patchy, with some colonies having better developed educational infrastructure than others. There is no uniform curriculum, with structures ranging from single grade schools to those with a six-grade system. The concentration of schools of competing denominations at the same localities is criticised as this does not support a broad band education effort.
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561   

Paulsen, Fr. 1904. Handbuch des Deutschtums im Auslande nebst einem Adreßbuch der deutschen Auslandsschulen. [Handbook of the Germandom abroad together with an address book of German schools abroad]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.

Discussion on the extent of German schools and education in the colonies and in other German settlement areas. For each of the colonies population and economic statistics are given. Includes a discussion of the schools operated by the government and the missions.
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562   

Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Bericht der Regierungsschule zu Saipan." [Report of the government school in Saipan]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 1, p. 36.

Annual report of the German government school on Saipan, detailing the number of pupils and the general outline of the curriculum.


563   

Reichskolonialamt. 1910. "Missions und Schulwesen 1910. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [Missions and Education 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. IV, p. 54.

Statistical tables on the education system in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


564   

Reichskolonialamt. 1912. "Schul- und Missionswesen 1911. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [Missions and Education 1911. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. IV, p. 60.

Statistical tables on the education system in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


565   

Schanz, Moritz. 1909. "Deutsche Kolonialschule zu Witzenhausen." [German colonial school at Witzenhausen]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 2, pp. 25-26.

Brief description of the colonial school at Witzenhausen, designed to train future German administrators of the colonies.


566   

Splett. 1904. "Inwiefern hat die Volksschule in ihrem Lehrplan auf die Weltmachtstellung Deutschlands Rücksicht zu nehmen?" [To what extent must the curriculum of the primary school take into account the world status of Germany?]. Jahrbuch des Katholischen Lehrerverbandes, Kempten 9, pp. 28-29.

Eleven points regarding the status of Germany as a colonial power and the need to include education about the colonies in the primary schools.
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567   

Splett. 1905. "Inwiefern hat die Volksschule in ihrem Lehrplan auf die Weltmachtstellung Deutschlands Rücksicht zu nehmen?" [To what extent must the curriculum of the primary school take into account the world status of Germany?]. Katholische Schulzeitung für Norddeutschsland 47.

Ten points regarding the status of Germany as a colonial power and the need to include education about the colonies in the primary schools.
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568   

Splett. 1906. "Inwiefern hat die Volksschule in ihrem Lehrplan auf die Weltmachtstellung Deutschlands Rücksicht zu nehmen?" [To what extent must the curriculum of the primary school take into account the world status of Germany?]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 1-6 (reprint).

Discussion of the status of Germany as a colonial power and the need to include education about the colonies in the primary schools. Argues that more must be done in the primary school system to ensure national pride in the colonial endeavour. Detailed paper expanded from previous brief summaries.
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569   

Walther, A. 1910. "Lehrergehälter in unseren Kolonien." [The salaries of teachers in our colonies]. Die deutsche Schule im Auslande. 9, pp. 560-561.

Brief item on the salary levels of teachers in the German colonies.
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570   

Westermann, Diedrich. 24. "Mission und Schule." [Missions and Schooling]. In: Koloniale Reicharbeitsgemeinschaft (ed.), 40 Jahre Deutsche Kolonialarbeit. Gedenkschrift zum 24. April 1924. Berlin: Agencia Duems. 32-35.

An apologetic review of the role of missionaries as educators in the former German colonies casting the missionary efforts in a favourable light.
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Infrastructure Development

.

571   

Anon. 1908. "Erziehung zur Arbeit in der Südsee." [Training to work in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 27, pp. 485-486.

Item summarising various initiatives of public infrastructure development, drawing on paid and unpaid labour in the German South Sea colonies. Head tax is commonly either paid in copra (which increases the productivity of the area) or through the provision of labour for government projects.
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572   

Anon. 1914. "Wettbewerb für Entwürfe von Baulichkeiten in den deutschen Kolonien." [Competitions for designs of buildings in the German colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 6, p. 247.

Item on the call for submission by architects for a design competition for a proposed hospital building in the German South Seas (first prize RMk 1, 000, 2nd prize RMk 500).


573   

Grunwald, H. 1904. Deutscher Steinbau. Praktische Bauweise für Ansiedlerhäuser, Kolonien, landwirtschaftiche und gewerbliche Unternehmungen. [German stone construction. Practical building style for settler's homes, colonies, agricultural an commercial enterprises]. Lorch: Karl Rohm.

Manual on the construction of residential homes from brick, concrete and stone deemed suitable for the German colonies. Plans and elevations are included.
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574   

Pauli, Carl. 1904. "Der Kolonist der Tropen als Häuser-, Wege- und Brückenbauer." [The colonist in the tropics as builder of houses, roads and bridges]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 684-713.

Treatise on building techniques for domestic and official dwellings, for the construction of roads and the erection of bridges. Written by an engineer working in German New Guinea, the article is amply illustrated with plans and technical drawings.
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575   

Pauli, Carl. 1911. Der Kolonist in den Tropen las Häuser-, Wege- und Brückenbauer. [The colonist in the tropics as builder of houses, roads and bridges]. Second editon. Süsserott's Kolonialbibliothek 9. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott.

Technical handbook detailing the planning and construction of dwellings, office buildings, bridges and roads. Written as a general text it provides a number of examples from New Guinea and other colonies. The author was based in German New Guinea when the text was written.
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576   

Rummel, Walter Freiherr von. 1910. "Häuser und Hütten in der deutschen Südsee." [Houses and huts in the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 32, pp. 533-536.

Discussion of the traditional architecture in the German South Seas colonies.
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Scientific Research

.

577   

Anon. 1900. "Georg Volkens." [Georg Volkens]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, no. 44, p. 504.

Review of the recent research carried out by Georg Volkens on behalf of the Imperial German government. The item mentions his visit to Micronesia on the occasion of the hand-over of the Caroline, Palau and Mariana Islands to German rule.
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578   

Anon. 1900. "Vom Königlich botanischen Museum." [From the Royal Botanic Museum]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 645-648.

Overview on the activities of the Royal Botanic Museum in Berlin regarding the collection of plants from the colonies and the distribution of seed and planting material to the colonies. Mentions the large botanic collections made by Georg Volkens on the occasion of the German annexation.
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579   

Anon. 1905. "Deutsch-Neu-Guinea. Wissenschaftliche Sammlung." [German New Guinea. Scientific collections]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 1, p. 13.

Fritz sent a collection of 70 beetles, 3 Rhynchoate, 8 Orthoptera and 1 scorpion to the Zoological Museum in Berlin. Given the limited knowledge of the fauna of Saipan, this collection was much welcomed.
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580   

Anon. 1905. "Enthüllung eines Denkmals fur den Forschungsreisenden Kubary in Ponape." [Unveiling of a memorial for the researcher Kubary on Pohnpei]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 675.

Brief item on a memorial erected on Pohnpei to honour the ethnographic research by Johann Stanislau Kubary.
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581   

Anon. 1905. "Naturaliensammlung aus deutschen Schutzgebieten." [Natural history collection from the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, no. 28, p. 293.

Item on a merchant in natural history items, desirous of purchasing specimens from the German protectorates. The Deutsche Kolonialzeitung comments that this might be a profitable sideline for many settlers.


582   

Anon. 1906. "Bereicherung der Sammlungen des Zoologischen Museums in Berlin durch die Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmänner Senfft und Fritz." [Enrichment of the collections of the zoological museum in Berlin by the Imperial district administrators Senfft and Fritz]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 10, p. 291.

Fritz made a donation of biological specimens to the Zoological Museum in Berlin comprising of 14 sets of antlers of axis deer, 4 mammal skulls, 10 lizards, 1 fish, 442 butterflies as well as some pupae, 150 coleoptera, 3 neuroptera, 9 rhynchotes, 1 wasp nest and the larvae, 2 myriapodes, 9 orthoptera, 8 diptera, 3 crabs and 3 snails. The item comments that the donations were very much welcome given the dearth of the collections from the Marianas and that the antlers would go on public display.
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583   

Anon. 1906. "Geschenke an das Zoologische Museum in Berlin." [Gifts to the zoological museum of Berlin]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 21, p. 727.

Both Senfft and Fritz collected for the Zoological Museum in Berlin. No details on the nature of the gifts are published.
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584   

Engler, A. 1903. "Bericht über die Tätigkeit des Botanischen Zentralstelle für die Kolonien am Botanischen Garten und Museum zu Berlin in Jahre 1902." [Report on the activities of the botanical central office for the colonies of the Botanical Garden and Museum of Berlin in the year 1902]. Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museum zu Berlin, sow der botanischen Centralstelle für die deutschen Kolonien. III, no. 30, pp. 215-224.

Report of activities for the year 1901/02. The central office for the colonies both collected and evaluated botanical samples sent from the colonies and sent out required seeds and cuttings to various colonies. From the German South Seas colonies, Berlin received samples from Yap (1), Saipan (1), Samoa (21), Pohnpei (8).
The wife of Landeshauptmann Brandeis sent in material culture items from the Marshalls, while Georg Fritz sent arrowroot flour and chocolate from Saipan.
Georg Fritz also supplied 70 pressed samples from Saipan for the Herbarium of Berlin.

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585   

Engler, A. 1904. "übersicht über die Tätigkeit des Botanischen Zentralstelle für die Kolonien am Botanischen Garten und Museum zu Berlin." [Overview on the activities of the botanical central office for the colonies of the Botanical Garden and Museum of Berlin]. Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museum zu Berlin, sow der botanischen Centralstelle für die deutschen Kolonien. 4, no. 33, pp. 99-106.

Report of activities for the year 1902/03. The central office for the colonies both collected and evaluated botanical samples sent from the colonies and sent out required seeds and cuttings to various colonies. For example, 2260 living plants were received. The listing is summary and only on occasion are points of origin or destinations mentioned. It seems that Berlin sent ornamental plants to Jaluit, camphor seeds to Pohnpei and Saipan. Georg Fritz seems to have used his trip to Japan to collect material from the Bonin Islands. The report mentions that 91 pressed samples were supplied by him to the Herbarium.
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586   

Ewerlien, E. 1901. "Die Botanische Zentralstelle zu Berlin." [The central botanical institute in Berlin]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, no. 16, p. 152.

Item on the botanical central office tasked with assisting in the agricultural development of the German colonies. Describes the nature and extent of planting material and seed samples sent out to colonies.
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587   

Reichstag. 1907. "Jahresbericht des Botanischen Versuchsgartens zu Simpsonhafen." [Annual report of the botanical experimental farm at Simpsonhafen]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 315-325.

Detailed reviews of the performance of a number of plants at the botanical research garden at Rabaul.


588   

Schkopp, Eberhard von. 1903. "Kaufleute im Dienst der Wissenschaft." [Traders in the service of science]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 35, pp. 354-355.

The paper argues that merchants and traders could be of great service to science as they know the local community and tend to have their support and trust. Traders are seen as primarily sources for language/dialects, social customs and material culture. It is argued that the head offices of the European trading houses should be forced to abandon their policies which prohibit their traders from engaging in research and collection for museums and governments. Such research was also seen as beneficial to the traders whose boredom would otherwise find less desirable outlets.
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589   

Schmeltz, J. D. E. 1897. "Johann Stanislaus Kubary, der Erforscher der Südsee-Inseln, gest. im Oktober 1896 auf der Insel Ponape." [Johann Stanislaus Kubary, the researcher of the South Sea Islands, who died in October 1896 on the island of Pohnpei]. Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie 10, pp. 132-136.

Long obituary of Kubary.
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590   

Schulte im Hofe, A. 1902. "Thätigkeit der Botanischen Zentralstelle in Berlin." [Activities of the Central Botanical office in Berlin]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 17, p. 163.

Item on the activities of the botanical office in 1900. In total 353 seed packets were dispatched to the South Seas (not further divided).


591   

Solf, Wilhelm. 1917. "Professor Dr. Volkens [Nachruf]." [Professor Dr. Volkens (obituary)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 28, no. 1, p. 27.

Obituary of the first German to systematically assess the agricultural potential of the Carolines and the Marianas. On behalf of the German government and agricultural interests, Volkens was part of the group of colonial officers and officials when Micronesia was taken over from Spanish administration in late 1899.
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592   

Thiel, Friedrich. 1899. "Johann Stanislaus Kubary, der unermüdliche Erforscher der Südsee." [Johann Stanislaus Kubary, the untiring South Sea explorer]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, no. 31, pp. 281-284.

Obituary of Johann Stanislaus Kubary (Warsaw 1846-Pohnpei 9 Oct 1896).