Health and Demography
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Health and Demography. |
| In the absence of a resident physician during the early years, there is a dearth of information on the state of public health in the Marianas [cf 717, 718]. Later, the public health system is summarised in annual reports of the government physicians, usually combined with the statistics of Yap [cf 710, 711, 712].
Specialised reports on the health of the Marianas are less common [cf 721] and usually deal with specific diseases [cf 733, 734, 738], treatments [cf 732, 735] or remarkable cases [cf 726, 742, 743]. Items on food and nutrition are rare [cf 744, 745] with the information usually included in works on anthropology. The bulk of literature on demographic aspects are government statistics of indigenous communities [cf 748, 749, 753, 763] and expatriates [cf 750, 769, 771]. Overviews of demographic trends are less common [cf 762]. A substantial section of the literature deals with the fear that the indigenous communities might die out [cf 760] and the need for and dangers of imported labour [cf 747, 759, 761]. . |
Public Health. |
| Bassenge. 1903. "Die Gesundheitsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete." [The health conditions in the German protectorates]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenheilkunde 7, no. 1, pp. 36-38. Review of the government report 1900/01. | |
| Becker, Alexander. 1915. "Der Gesundheitsdienst in den deutschen Kolonien." [The health service in the German colonies]. Süddeutsche Monatshefte 12, no. 11, pp. 751-759. Brief review of the German colonial health service system after the loss of all colonies.
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| Born, Ludwig. 1904. "Karolinen-, Marianen- und Marshall-Inseln." [Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands]. Medizinalberichte über die deutschen Schutzgebiete pp. 210-260. Medical reports for the financial year 1903/1904. | |
| Buse. 1909. "Westkarolinen (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Western Carolines (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1907/08. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. The hospital building is reported as completed and the facilities are described. As it is 30 minutes from the main settlement, the report recommends that a physician's residence be erected near the hospital. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual, significant or noteworthy cases are described.
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| Buse. 1910. "Westkarolinen (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Western Carolines (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1908/09. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 421-434. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. The report describes the facilities of the newly erected physician's residence as well as the quarantine station on the islet of Tabelau. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual, significant or noteworthy cases are described.
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| Buse. 1911. "Westkarolinen (Jap) (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Western Carolines (Yap) (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1909/10. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 525-534. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual, significant or noteworthy cases are described. | |
| Buse. 1915. "Jap-Westkarolinen (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Yap Western Carolines (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1911/12. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 562-582. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. The report includes sections on the state of sanitation and the most recent census data. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described. | |
| Buse and Mayer, J. 1913. "Jap-Westkarolinen (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Yap-Western Carolines (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1910/11. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 692-699. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. The report provides an overview of the medical staff (7) and the physical facilities provided by the hospital. The transportation of several Pohnpeians to Yap (following the Sokeh's rebellion) led to a major influx of new diseases to Yap. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described. | |
| Däubler, K. 1888. "über die Wirkungen des Tropenklimas auf den menschlichen Organismus und über die Errichtung von Krankenhäusern in den Tropenländern." [On the effects of the tropical climate on the human body and on the establishment of hopsitals in tropical countries]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 25, pp. 428-430. Item discussing the impact of tropical environments on Europeans and the implications on the the health system. Written at a time when Germany became more seriously involved in the establihsment and development of its colonies, the paper gives a good overview of the issues that were perceived to be of significance. | |
| Dieterlen. 1916. "über eine im Jahre 1914 in der Südsee beobachtete Beriberi-Epidemie." [On a beriberi epidemic observed in the South Seas during 1914]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 20, pp. 306-311. Review of a beriberi outbreak among the workers at the German phosphate mines and its spread to the local population. | |
| Evers. 1915. "Palau-Inseln (Angaur) (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Palau-Islands (Angaur) (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1911/12. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 604-608. Brief report by the phosphate company physician on the state of public health on Palau. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described. | |
| Fürth. 1905. "Die Gesundheitsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete vol. XXI." [The health conditions in the German protectorates in the year 1902/03]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenheilkunde 9, no. 4, pp. 164-166. Review of the government report 1902/03. | |
| Girschner, Max. 1903. "Klima und Gesundheitsverhältnisse auf den Karolinen und Marianen in der Zeit vom 9. April 1900 bis 1. April 1901." [Climate and health status on the Carolines and Marianas for the period 9 April 1900 to 1 April 1901]. Arbeiten aus dem kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte 20, pp. 440-441. Annual report on the status of public health.
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| Girschner, Max. 1905. "Karolinen (Saipan) (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Carolines (Saipan) (Medical Report)]. In: Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amts (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1903/04. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler. Pp. 277-284. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Saipan. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described. Girschner's stay lasted from 26 October 1903 until 29 February 1904. | |
| Girschner, Max. 1907. "Marianen (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Marianas (Medical Report)]. In: Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amts (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1904/05. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. P. 248-249. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Saipan based on a brief visit (14 March to 26 April 1905). Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described. | |
| Hahl, Albert. 1912. "Bestimmungen des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend die Aufnahme und Behandlung in den Krankenhäusern des Gouvernments." [Regulations by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the admission and treatment in Government hospitals ]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, no. 5, p. 201. For the white population a two class hospital system is established, where class I (class II) patients pay RMk 4 / day (RMk 3) as hononrarium for the physician and RMk 12 per day (RMk 7) for medication, dressings, bedding and food. Exempt are the members of the German adminisration as well as members of scientific expeditions funded in whole or in part by the German Empire. Family members of government employees, members of the navy and post and telegraph-officers receive free treatment and pay a lower rate for medication etc. | |
| Koch, Dr. Robert. 1901. "Geheimrath Prof. Dr. Koch über die sanitären Verhältnisse der Karolinen und Marianen." [Privy Councillor Dr. Koch on the conditions of sanitation in the Carolines and the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 3, p. 73. Dr Koch, on his voyage home from his malaria investigations in New Guinea, stopped over en route at Pohnpei (12-13 August 1900) and Saipan (17 August 1900) to investigate the local health conditions there. The German government physician for Pohnpei, Dr. Max Girschner, accompanied Koch to Saipan. | |
| Lion, Dr. 1908. "Die ärztliche Versorgung unserer Kolonien." [Medical care for our colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, no. 54, pp. 595-596. Article in defence of the health system in the German colonies commenting on the role of the military physicians. The item responded to an article in the Kölnische Zeitung which heavily criticised the system.
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| Mense, Carl. 1912. "Medizinalberichte der deutschen Schutzgebiete 1909/10." [The health conditions in the German protectorates in the year 1909/10]. Archiv für Schiff- und Tropenheilkunde 16, no. 21, pp. 739-741. Review of the government report 1909/10. | |
| Mühlens. 1906. "Medizinalberichte der deutschen Schutzgebiete des Jahres 1903/04." [The health conditions in the German protectorates in the year 1903/04]. Archiv für Schiff- und Tropenheilkunde 10, no. 17, pp. 540-541. Review of the government report 1903/04. | |
| Reichstag. 1905. "Medizinalberichte." [Medical reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1903/1904. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1903/1905. 5. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 3312-3313. Annual report of the state of public health in German Micronesia. | |
| Schnee, Paul. 1911. "Drei Fälle von Verletzung durch den giftigen Fish Syancea." [Three cases of injury caused by the poisonous fish Syancea]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 15, pp. 312-316. The paper describes the symptoms and manifestations of three cases of fish poisoning caused by people stepping on or otherwise injuring themselves on the spines of the stone fish (Syancea sp).
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| Schnee, Paul. 1911. "Saipan (Marianen) (Medizinal-Bericht)." [Saipan (Marianas) (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1909/10. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 557-572. Brief report by the government physician on the state of public health on Saipan. Includes a description, plan and two photographs of the hospital on Saipan. A quarantine station had been erected on Managaha Island. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual, significant or noteworthy cases are described. | |
| Steudel, Dr. 1909. "Der ärztliche Dienst in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The medical service in the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 921-926. Brief summary on the state of the health service. Lists government physicians for Yap, Pohnpei, Jaluit and Saipan plus a company physician on Nauru.-Mentions that a new hospital was opened on Yap in 1908, comprising of a surgery and a recovery room with four beds for Europeans, as well as an accommodation ward for about 50-60 islanders.-On Pohnpei the hospital had been destroyed in the 1905 typhoon. A new two-room structure was completed in March 1906. In addition there are two small ward buildings for Europeans and for islanders. The annual number of consultations on Pohnpei is estimated at 1900.
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Specific Diseases and Conditions . |
| Anon. 1914. "Die samoanische Augenkrankheit." [The Samoan eye infection]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 14, p. 671. The Samoan conjunctivitis has now spread to the Islands Territory. It is assumed that it was introduced by the Samoan exilees on Saipan. Since a treatment has been developed, it is hoped that the spread of the contagious disease can be kept in check. Detailed statistics are presented.
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| Königer. 1878. "Beobachtungen zur geographischen Pathologie. I. Ueber den polynesischen Ringwurm auf den Carolinen-, Gilbert- und Samoa-Inseln." [Observations on geographic pathology. I. On the Polynesian ringworm in the Carolines, Kiribati and Samoa]. Virchow Archiv 72, pp. 413-425. Review of the state of knowledge on ringworm in Micronesia and Samoa. | |
| Krulle. 1902. "Die Lepra auf den Marschallinseln und Karolinen." [Leprosy in the Marshalls and Carolines]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 28, pp. 707-709. Item on the occurrence of leprosy on the Carolines and the Marshalls. Included here as leprosy was a much feared disease and German physicians were initially worried it might spread to the Marianas. | |
| Leber, A. 1912. "Erfahrungen über ambulante Therapie von Syphilis und Frambösie mit Salvarsan und Mergal in Saipan (Marianen)." [Experiences of ambulant therapy of syphilis and yaws with Salvarsan and Mergal on Saipan (Marianas)]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 16, pp. 186-189. Attempt to cure syphilis and yaws with the new drugs Salvarsan and Mergal. On the basis of their observations yaws seemed to be more prevalent among Carolinians, while syphilis prevailed among Chamorro.
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| Leber, A. and von Prowazek, Stanislaus. 1911. "Weitere Untersuchungen über die Augenkrankheiten in der Südsee." [Further investigations on the eye ailments in the South Seas]. Berliner klinische Wochenschrift 48, no. 39, pp. 1751-1755. Article describing the ophthalmological work conducted in 1910/11 in Rabaul, Nauru, Jaluit, Kusaie, Pohnpei and Chuuk, with a major discussion of the situation on Saipan. The paper describes the Epitheliosis desquamativa, papillary hypertrophy of the conjunctiva, as well as bacterial conjunctivitis. Discusses the distribution of conjunctivitis on Saipan and Pagan (absent among the Pingelapese population there).
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| Mayer, Joseph. 1912. "Augenerkrankungen auf Saipan." [Eye ailments on Saipan]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene 4, pp. 709-710. Paper discussing the success of treatments recommended by Leber and Prowazek. Overall the success was good among Carolinians and Woleaians, but less so among the Mortlockese. The latter was attributed to a noted lack of personal hygiene.
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| Mayer, Joseph. 1912. "Erfahrungen aus Saipan (Marianen) über Salvarsanwirkung bei Syphilis und Frambösie." [Experiences on Saipan regarding the therapy of syphilis and yaws with Salvarsan]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene 16, p. 189. Attempt to cure syphilis and yaws with the new drugs Salvarsan. The local community had decided to fund the treatment from the community chest.
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| Mayer, Joseph. 1912. "über Helminthen in Saipan." [On intestinal worms on Saipan]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene 4, pp. 704-705. Paper discussing the high level of infestation of the Saipanese population with two genera of intestinal parasites (worms). Mayer argues that the lack of sanitation (both human and animal) contributed to the problem. Sanitary measures have been implemented (whitewashing the house posts, collection of human excreta in containers in pig-proof outhouses and daily emptying into the sea and cleaning of the containers).
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| Mense, Carl. 1902. "Besprechungen: Dr. Bartels, Bericht über das Vorkommen der Framboesie und des Ringwurms." [Reviews: Dr. Bartels', Report on the occurrnece of Framboesia and ringworm]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 8, p. 77. Review item on Bartel's paper. Summarises the contents and praises the pictures.
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| Salecker, Dr. 1915. "Die Verbreitung der Tuberculose auf den Marianen." [The prevalence of tuberculosis on the Marianas]. Archiv für Schiff- und Tropen-Hygiene 19, no. 14, pp. 369-376. The mortality rate was very high among the Carolinians from Woleai and Mogmog, who had been resettled to Saipan following the devastation of their home islands by a typhoon in 1907. This led to a systematic assessment of the prevalence of tuberculosis on the island. The paper comments on the prevalence among Chamorro, the established Carolinians, the relocated Carolinians from Oleai and Mogmog, typhoon evacuees from Suk ('Suck'), typhoon evacuees from Pisserat and Olol, and the deported Samoans. The main ailment of the Chamorro, with about 100% of the population affected, is Anklostomiasis. Salecker comments that in 1913 10 Chamorro died of tuberculosis, and 6 in the first half of 1914 (of about 1650 people). He tested 200 Chamorro of various age groups for tuberculosis and found that on average 55% of the population tested positive with a rate of infection correlated with age (38% of under ten-year olds and 70% of over 30 year olds). This rate of infection equals that of the German population at the time. Of the about 650-strong local Carolinian population 3 died of tuberculosis in 1913 and one in 1914. Salecker tested 80 individuals and found an average infection rate of 30%. The tuberculosis infection among the 280-strong population of Carolinians relocated from Oleai and Mogmog was assessed for 97 persons who did not display any clinical symptoms. The rate was 72% (with a mortality of 11 in 1913 and 3 in 1914). The 1911 evacuees from Suck were overwhelmingly negative (n=32, 3% positive); as were the 1911 evacuees from Pisserat and Olol (n=48, 0%). The Samoan deportees had a high rate of infection (n=30, 55% positive). Salecker concludes that the cleanliness of the Carolinians and the frequent bathing as well as their better state of health due to more physical exercise and manual work makes them less likely to contract diseases such as syphilis, while the Chamorro have become 'weak'.
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| Schnee, Paul. 1908. "über giftige Schnecken." [On poisonous shells]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 12, p. 171. A brief item on the effects of poisonous cone shells in the South Seas.
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| Schnee, Paul. 1909. "Ein giftiger Seestern der Südsee?" [A poisonous starfish of the South Seas?]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 13, pp. 330-331. Schnee describes the Crown of thorns starfish (Acanthaster planctii) which reputedly caused the death of a 10 year old boy on Pohnpei. | |
| Schnee, Paul. 1910. "Augenerkrankungen auf den Marianen." [Eye infections on the Marianas]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 14, p. 695. A brief report the prevalence of eye complaints on Saipan. Much of it was conjunctivitis which when untreated led to corneal damage. Schnee demonstrates an increase in the second quarter of 1910 and complains about the problems of administering health care to the recent immigrants from the Mortlocks. Not only is their cleanliness a perceived problem but also their reluctance to be treated.
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| Schnee, Paul. 1910. "Durch Pflanzen verursachte Hautverletzungen und Entzündungen." [Skin injuries and inflammations caused by plants]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 14, pp. 138-146. Review of the effects of several toxic and noxious plants in the Marianas and the Caroline Islands. For Saipan the author comments on 'Kamatshille', Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) and imported thorny bush that is popular as a hedge plant as well as an alley tree. The white flesh of the seed pods is eaten from early March until end of July. The perceived health problems are the tiny thorns on the seed pods which break off easily and cause skin infections. Schnee comments on a few other thorny or poisonous leaf plants on Saipan: Acacia farnsiana (L.); Triphasia trifoliata (L.) [called 'Lemoncito,' and imported from Guam]; Caesalpinia cristata (L.) [local name Pakan]; Dioscorea spinosa (Roxb.) [Gado]; Amarantus spinosus (L.); Triumfetta sp. [Dadangsi]; Elephantopus scaber (L.) [Papago]; Fleuria ruderalis (Gaudich.) [Politaria]; Bohemeria tenacissima (Gaudich.) [Ammahayang] In addition a thorny hedge plant was imported by the German administration as a hedge plant for animal compounds. Schnee mentions that a local seagrass, 'Laeo,' caused skin irritations as well.
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| Schnee, Paul. 1911. "Sechs an mir selbst erlebte Skolopendrenbisse und einiges über Skorpionenstiche." [Six bites by scolopenders observed on myself and some comments on the sting of scorpions]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 15, pp. 156-160. The paper describes the symptoms of six cases of millipede bites which were observed by Schnee himself. The cases occurred in the Marianas. The most prevalent millipede is Scolopendra morsitans (L.).
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Food and Nutrition . |
| Fendler. G. 1907. "Gedörrte Brotfrucht von den Marianen." [Dried breadfruit from the Marianas]. Der Tropenpflanzer 11, p. 170. Chemical analysis of roasted and dried breadfruit chips (esug) sent in from the Marianas. The paper comments that dried breadfruit would provide a suitable flour for biscuit manufacture. | |
| Reichel, Volker. 1907. "Gedörrte Brotfrucht von den Marianen." [Dried breadfruit from the Marianas]. Der Tropenpflanzer 11, pp. 169-170. Item on the manufacture of roasted and dried breadfruit chips (esug) in the Marianas. The paper argues that it is easy to make and that dried breadfruit could make a suitable flour for biscuit manufacture.
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| Reichskolonialamt. 1914. "Der Alkoholverbrauch der weissen Bevölkerung in den deutschen Schutzgebieten." [The alcohol consumption of the white population in the German protectorates]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 3, pp. 395-397. Statistics of the consumption of wine, beer, champagne and hard liquor of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. | |
Demography . |
| Anon. 1902. "Chineseneinfuhr nach Samoa." [The importation of Chinese to Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 4, p. 351. Item on the hiring of Chinese as labourers for Samoan plantations. The conditions of the contracts are spelled out.
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| Anon. 1903. "übersicht über die Bevölkerung der Marianen nach dem Stande vom 1. April 1903." [Summary of the population of the Marianas as of 1 April 1903]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 18, p. 496. Statistical table of the demographical composition of various islands in the Marianas. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Bevölkerung, Handel und Verkehr der Marianen." [Population, trade and shipping in the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 642. Statistical tables giving the composition of the expatriate community in the Marianas, as well as the export statistics (included the import of five head of cattle from Japan).
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| Anon. 1907. "Die weisse Bevölkerung der Schutzgebiete." [The white population of the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, pp. 94-95. Paper on the population developments in all protectorates. Comments that the number of Japanese has gone down to 21 from 31 (in 1905) in the Marianas, with 23 (22) other whites living there.
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| Anon. 1911. "Statistiken Westkarolinen, Palau, Marianen. 1910/11 (Bevölkerung)." [Statistics Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas. 1910/11 (population)]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 3, no. 20, pp. 219-221. Statistical tables providing information on demography and occupation of residents in the Islands Territory.
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| Anon. 1912. "Die einheimische farbige Bevölkerung der deutschen Südsee-Inseln." [The indigenous coloured population of the German South Sea Islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 8, pp. 118-119. Brief item on the status of the indigenous inhabitants in the German South Sea protectorates following a census. In the Carolines and the Marianas a new census was to be conducted, coupled with a systematic assessment of the state of health.
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| Anon. 1912. "Farbige Bevölkerung auf den Westkarolinen, Palau-Inseln und Marianen zu Beginn 1911." [Indigenous population on the Western Carolines, Palau and the Marianas at the beginning of 1911]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1912. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 30. Demographic table of census data for 1911 reproduced from another publication. | |
| Anon. 1913. "Die weisse Bevölkerung von Deutsch-Neuguinea." [The white population of German New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 21, p. 353. Census for the German New Guinea, but not the Islands Territory. In total 965 (of these 265 women) resided in the area.
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| Eckert, Georg. 1936. "Die Zahl der Asiaten in der Südsee." [The number of Asian people in the South Seas]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 8, no. 3, pp. 94-99. Paper summarising the fact that Japanese and other Asian peoples immigrated into the Japanese Mandate of Micronesia. The author tries to place this into the context of the Japanese population on Hawaii, the Indians on Fiji and the Chinese on Samoa and Nauru, and the Indochinese on New Caledonia.
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| Fitzner, Rudolf. 1903. "Die Bevölkerung der deutschen Südseekolonien." [The population of the German South Seas colonies]. Globus 84, no. 2, pp. 21-25. Overview paper on the state and prospects of population developments in the German possessions in the South Seas. Contains a number of official population estimates of 1902.
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| [Gulick, Luther. 1862. "Bevölkerung von Micronesien." [Demography of Micronesia]. Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt über wichtige neue Erforschungen auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Geographie (Petermann's Mitteilungen) 8, no. 11, pp. 435-436. Item extracted from work by Luther Gulick on Micronesia, listing population figures for Guam and Saipan (combined 4000).
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| Hermann, Rudolf. 1908. "Zur Statistik der Eingeborenen der deutschen Südseegebiete." [On the statistics of the indigenous peoples of the German South Seas territories]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 11, pp. 550-568; pp. 626-641. Treatise on the demography of the German territories in the South Seas, addressing the physio-geographic conditions. Reviewing the population developments especially in Samoa, the Marshalls and Nauru, the author concluded that the current theories of a population decline in the South Seas was not tenable. The impact of the typhoon of 1907 on the Caroline Islands is addressed.
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| Kindt, Ludwig. 1902. "Das Schreckgespenst der Chinesengefahr." [The chimera of the Chinese threat]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 31, p. 303. Critique of Augustin Krämer's paper on the Chinese threat to the German South Seas, argues that the Chinese threat is overestimated and that the need for labour and thus importing workers outweighs other concerns.
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| Kopp, Karl. 1921. "Die Lebensaussichten der grossen Völkerschaften in Deutsch-Guinea, gemessen an der Proliferation." [The life expectancies of the great ethnic populations, based on birth rates. Koloniale Rundschau pp. 119-126. Discussion of the population decline in the former German South Seas protectorates. | |
| Krämer, Augustin. 1902. "Die Chinesengefahr in den deutschen Südseekolonien." [The danger posed by the Chinese in the German South Seas colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, no. 4, pp. 30-31. Krämer argues that the import of Chinese as a labour force was unnecessary and that it would pose undesirable public health problems, especially the introduction of leprosy and syphilis. br>DOWNLOAD THE PAPER [PDF file] | |
| Lehmann, Gallus. 1911. "über Zahl und Bewegung der Bevölkerung auf Saipan." [On the number and development of the population on Saipan]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea 3, no. 18, pp. 201-202. Demographic data on the population development on Saipan from 1906 to 1910, based on church statistics and official reports. Birth and death rates are given, including information on infant mortality.
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| Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. "Bevölkerungs-Statistik der Marianen und Westkarolinen." [Population statistics for the Marianas and western Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 40, p. 405. Summary article on the population statistics published in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.
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| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Bevölkerungsstatistik." [Population statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 1, pp. 25-35. Summary of population for the financial year 1906/1907. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1908. "Bevölkerungsstatistik. B. West-Karolinen und Marianen." [Population statistics. B. Western Carolines and Marianas]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 1, pp. 22-31. Summary of population for the financial year 1907/1908. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Bevölkerungsstatistik." [Population statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 25-29. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1909. "Bevölkerungsstatistik." [Population statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 22-27. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1911. "Die farbige Bevölkerung in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1910. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [The indigenous population of the individual protectorates 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. I. 2, p. 28. Statistical tables of the non-white population in the Eastern Carolines (no data submitted), the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1911. "Südsee 1910. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung in staatsbürgerlicher Hinsicht." [South Seas 1910. The white population according to employment. The white population according to nationality]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. I. 2, pp. 18-19. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1912. "Die farbige Bevölkerung in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1911. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [The indigenous population of the individual protectorates 1911. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands 1911]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 3, pp. 48-50. Statistical tables of the non-white population in the Eastern Carolines (no data submitted), the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1912. "Südsee 1911. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung in staatsbürgerlicher Hinsicht." [South Seas 1911. The white population according to age and marital status; according to country of origin]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 24-31. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1913. "Deutsch-Neuguinea 1913, gesamtes Schutzgebiet. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Beruf am 1. Januar 1913." [German New Guinea 1913, entire protectorate. The white population according to its civil status. The white population according to nationality and occupation, as of 1 January 1913]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 28-33. Statistical tables on the expatriate population in German New Guinea (including German Micronesia). | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1913. "Die farbige Bevölkerung in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1912. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln 1911." [The indigenous population of the individual protectorates 1912. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands 1911]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 3, pp. 50-51. Statistical tables of the non-white population in the Eastern Carolines (no data submitted), the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1913. "Die farbige Bevölkerung in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1913. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln." [The indigenous population of the individual protectorates 1913. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands 1911]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 3, pp. 50-51. Statistical tables of the non-white population in the Eastern Carolines (no data submitted), the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1913. "Südsee 1912. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Beruf am 1. Januar 1912." [South Seas 1912. The white population according to age and marital status; according to country of origin]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 26-33. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichskolonialamt. 1914. "Südsee 1913. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Beruf am 1. Januar 1913." [South Seas 1913. The white population according to age and marital status; according to country of origin]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 26-33. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands. | |
| Reichstag. 1907. "Bevölkerungsstatistik." [Demographic Statitics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 315-325. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics. | |
| Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. "Die Bevölkerung der Karolinen und Marianen." [The population of the Carolines and Marianas]. Dr. A Petermann's Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt 51, no. 2, pp. 36-39. Discussion of the demography of the Carolines and Marianas, drawn from public sources and census data. Discusses the population increases in the Marianas and the population decreases in the Carolines.
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| Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. "Bevölkerungsstatistik der Karolinen und Marianen." [The population structure of the Carolines and Marianas]. Globus 87, p. 307. Brief summary of the previous paper.
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