Natural History
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Natural History . |
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Compared to the work carried out on the Marshall Islands, New Guinea or Samoa, the German natural history research on the former Spanish possessions in Micronesia is limited. Some of the geographical research was carried out by the administrators on their patrol visits [cf 808, 809, 810, 813] which was then republished in extracted form in geographical journals [cf 807, 812, 814], while other work was created by residents [cf 799, 803, 821]. A number of German geography texts were published during the first decade of the 20th century, focussing on the colonies. The Marianas are usually only cursorily treated [cf 793, 795, 802, 806]. There is only one comprehensive text on the natural history of the Marianas written during the German period [837]. Limited geological research was carried out, mainly focussed on the discovery of exploitable mineral resources [cf 864]. Administrators sent rock samples for analysis to the bureau of geology in Berlin [cf 857, 858, 859], and some work was carried out to understand the geological history of the islands [cf 865]. The climatological measurements conducted by administration staff were reported in annual summaries [cf 879, 881, 887, 890], and analysed on a regional basis [cf 895]. . |
General Natural History . |
| Anon. 1902. "Marianen." [Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, p. 339. Brief item summarising G. Fritz's findings on the occasion of his voyage to the northern islands.
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| Anon. 1907. "Wissenschaftliche Sammlungen." [Scientific collections]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 5, p. 205. Item on the donation of scientific samples to the Zoological Museum of Berlin. Fritz collected 9 skulls of (feral) pigs from Saipan and Tinian, 5 skulls of feral cattle, 2 skulls of feral goats from Tinian, 4 antlers and one set of antlers of axis deer from Rota as well as numerous insects. The collection of feral animal skulls was seen as particularly valuable as it informed the debate on the origin of the Marianas livestock.
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| Anon. 1913. "Jagd- und Wildschutz in den deutschen Kolonien." [The protection of game wild animals in the German colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 20, pp. 915-916. Summary paper on the topic, derived from no. 783.
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| Metzger. 1913. Jagd- und Wildschutz in den deutschen Kolonien. [The protection of game wild animals in the German colonies]. Jena: Gustav Fisher. Treatise by the chief forester of the German protectorate of Togo, based on a survey of the regulations governing hunting and wildlife protection in all German colonies. The protection of wild animals is seen not only as an ethical obligation of the German administration, but also as a safeguard of the potential commercial opportunities they may provide. Provides a concise overview of the disparate state of the legislation.
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| Sajo, Karl. 1906. "Bilder aus Polynesien." [Sketches from Polynesia]. Prometheus 17, no. 871, pp. 614-618; no. 872, pp. 629-633; no. 873, pp. 644-649; no. 874, pp. 664-669; no. 875, pp. 678-683. Detailed review article on the Marianas, heavily drawing on Safford's 1905 treatise on Guam.
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Geography . |
| Anon. 1888. "Australien und Polynesien-Inselgruppe der Marianen." [Australia and Polynesia-Mariana Islands]. Globus 53, p. 144. Brief item on A. Marche's trip to Saipan. Comments that Marche remeasured the height of Mt Tapocheau on Saipan, and found no traces of a volcano on Saipan. Also mentions that there is a shortage of good drinking water on Saipan, and that two reported lakes are in fact only small ponds.
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| Anon. 1891. "Die Datumsgrenze und die deutschen Schutzgebiete im Grossen Ocean." [The date line and the German protectorates in the Pacific Ocean]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 4, pp. 62-64. Item addressing the nature of the formal establishment of the Internationl Date Line and its implications on the administration and trade of the German colonies in the Pacific. | |
| Anon. 1897. "Verzeichnis der nunmehr endgültig berechneten geographischen Positionen der astronomischen Beobachtungspfeiler in der Südsee, sowie der sich hieran anschliessenden, trigonometrischen Punkte in den bis jetzt vermessenen Gebieten." [Register of the finitely calculated geographical locations of the astronomical observation markers in the South Seas, as well as the trigonometric points derived from these]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 10, pp. 191-192. | |
| Anon. 1903. "Allgemeine Auskunft über das Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen." [General information on the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, no. 24, pp. 683-684. Overview article on the conditions in the Islands Territory. For the Marianas it mentions that land is available for lease at an annual rate RMk 2 per hectare. Few workers can be found as most have their own plots. A wage of RMk 10-12/month has to be paid for paid labour, but may be hard to come by. A number of Japanese are prepared to work for pay, but at a higher (unspecified) wage. The risk of typhoons is mentioned. The establishment costs of a 25ha farm are given as about RMk 10,000. Ship fares are given as RMk 1750 for 1st class, RMk 1200 for second and RMk 550 for third class. The article concludes in stressing that the conditions for success are a sense of realism, diligence and staying power. The successful settler has to be able to get on with the natives (as he is dependent on them) and will have to appreciate that instant economic returns will not happen.
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| Anon. 1904. "Besiedlung der Marianen." [Settlement of the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 1, p. 7. Item on Senfft's visit to Saipan in 1903, where he documented the birth to the first settler in the Marianas, a son of Hermann Costenoble's. The item also mentions Costenoble's article in the Deutsche Japanpost on immigration opportunities. | |
| Anon. 1904. "Statistisches über die Marianen." [Statistics for the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 43, p. 430. Population, import and export statistics for the year 1903, abstracted from the official annual report. | |
| Anon. 1905. "Bericht des stellvertretenden Vize-Gouverneurs von Ponape über seine Besuch in den vom Taifun heimgesuchten Gebieten." [Report by the acting Vice-Governor in Pohnpei regarding his visit to the territories affected by the typhoon]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 457. Account of a patrol visit aboard SMS Seeadler to Pingelap, Mokil, Ngatik. Residents from Pingelap were evacuated to Pohnpei and from there to Saipan. Includes reports from Chuuk and by the Captain of the 'Carl and Ella' regarding the typhoon impact on atolls between Pohnpei and Chuuk. Describes much of the impact on the environment.
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| Anon. 1905. "Neue Topographische Arbeiten." [New topographical work]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 10, pp. 328-329. Brief item on maps received by the colonial office in Berlin. Includes an entry of a map of the harbour of Guam drawn by Arno Senfft; maps drawn by Victor Berg of locations on Pohnpei and Chuuk; and sketch maps by Captain Moeller of Ulithi and Sorol Atolls.
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| Anon. 1908. "Deutsch-Mikronesien. Land und Leute." [German Micronesia. Land and People]. In: Wiese, J (ed.), Neu-Deutschland. Unsere Kolonien in Wort und Bild. Berlin: Meidinger's Jugendschriften Verlag. Pp. 339-342. Description of life in German Micronesia written for young readers. | |
| Anon. 1920. "Saipan." [Saipan]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. III (P-Z0, pp. 199-200. Entry on Saipan, with a map.
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| Beta, Ottomar. 1902. Das Buch von unseren Kolonien. [The book of our colonies]. Berlin: Ullrich Meyer. General overview of the nature and state of the German colonies. The chapter on the Marianas discusses the environment and geography, the society as well as the living conditions. Beta comments that of 116 Rotanese men with (tax) labour duties only 22 are capable of manual labour, the rest being too ill.
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| Block, Magnus H. 1935. "Der Mensch auf den hohen Inseln Mikronesiens und Polynesiens." [Man in the high islands of Micronesia]. Universität Hamburg. PhD thesis summarising the state of knowledge on traditional human settlement on the high islands, including sections on horticulture, and fishing in relation to the environmental conditions and the resultant need for trade. In his analysis the author concludes that the Micronesian populations would lose the battle for survival in their environments and would become extinct.
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| Bratring, F. W. A. 1806. "über die Ladronen- oder Marien-Insel-gruppe in dem nördlichen Stillen Meere." [On the Ladrones or Maria Islands Group in the northern Pacific Ocean]. Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden (Weimar) 21, no. 3, pp. 261-275; no. 4, pp. 369-397. General overview of the Marianas including geography, fauna and flora, produce and information on the people, compiled from various explorers accounts until 1800. Includes a discussion of the naming of the Marianas. A list of introduced animal species is given, highlighting the import of deer from the Philippines and the import of horses, donkeys and mules from the Americas. Plant species are listed with an emphasis on edible plants (with some local names given) and the introduction of agricultural industries. A discussion of the population asserts that the population of the Chamorro may once have numbered 50,000, which had by now shrunk to 1500 people living on Guam, Rota and Saipan. The Chamorro own their own land with parcels dedicated to fruit orchards, gardens and fields. A list of European-type occupations held by the Chamorro is given. | |
| Christmann, Friedrich and Oberländer, Robert. 1873. Ozeanien, die Inseln der Südsee. Ältere und neuere Erforschungsreisen im Gebiete der Inselgruppen des Stillen Ozeans mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Leben, Sprache und Sitten der aussterbenden Naturvölker jener Eilande. 2 vols. [Oceania, the islands of the South Seas. Older and recent voyages of discovery in the area of the island groups of the Pacific Ocean with special reference to the lives, language and habits of the dying indigenous peoples of these islands]. Leipzig: Otto Spämer. The history and geography of the Carolines and the Marianas is described based on Spanish records and the account of Anson's voyages, reflecting the state on knowledge at that time.
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| Costenoble, Hermann H. L. W. 1905. "Die Marianen." [The Marianas]. Globus 88, no. 1, pp. 4-9; no. 3, pp. 72-81; no. 4, pp. 92-94. A description of the author's experiences on Saipan. A general introduction on the geography and geology of the island group gives way to a discussion of the climate (a typhoon mentioned for August 1903), health, flora and fauna. A discussion of the agricultural potential of the islands includes a list of imported plants and their suitability for the local production. The losses of plant and seed stock to rats and other vermin are highlighted. The discussion of the fauna includes a discussion of pig hunts and the feral cattle on Tinian. A dolphin hunt is mentioned. Latte sites are mentioned as common all over Saipan. Comments on social customs include remarks on the language, lauding the teaching of English in Guam and criticising the use of Chamorro as the language of instruction on Saipan. Costenoble criticised the German policy of resettling every Chamorro who wishes to move to Saipan and the allocation of land to the families. Costenoble argues that the plantations of the Chamorro are untidy and badly run. Likewise, he describes the Chamorro as unclean and unhygienic in their habits. Costenoble comments disparagingly on the Carolinian immigration from Guam, arguing that the Americans did well in getting rid of people of a lower stage of development. The discussion on commerce argues that in the absence of a good harbour, Saipan will never be viable for commerce other than that operated by the Japanese. Costenoble takes great issue with the fact that German settlers are not allowed to own land on Saipan, but land is freely given away to Chamorro settling there. The author further criticises the loose morals which are prevalent only on Saipan but not Guam, and sheets them home to the inefficient administration. The German school system as well as the police force are also criticised as inappropriate for the conditions and unnecessary. | |
| Cox, L. M. 1904. "Guam." [Guam]. Globus 86, p. 288. Brief item on Guam, reproduced and summarised drawing on Cox' paper in a US source (Bulletin of the American Geographic Society).
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| Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft. 1898. Kleiner Deutscher Kolonialatlas. Second edition. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Map of the German possessions in the Pacific in 1898. The Marianas are not yet included.
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| Dove, Kurt. nd. Wirtschaftliche Landeskunde der deutschen Schutzgebiete. [Economic Geography of the German Protectorates]. Leipzig: Ludwig Huberti. Brief geographical overview of the Micronesian Islands (pp. 68-73) with comments on the population, plant and animal life, tropical agriculture and natural resources.
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| Dwucet, F. 1908. "Eine Inselflur im Stillen Ozean." [An island group in the Pacific]. In: Wiese, J (ed.), Neu-Deutschland. Unsere Kolonien in Wort und Bild. Berlin: Meidinger's Jugendschriften Verlag. Pp. 349-355. Description of the Mariana Islands. Provides information of the geography, botany, and agricultural produce. The article is very well illustrated with pictures of the administration buildings, streets, ox carts, the school, Carolinians in dance dress, houses (Chamorro and Carolinian), and dress. Written for young people.
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| Finsch, Otto. 1900. "Die Karolinen und Marianen." [Carolines and Marianas]. Sammlung wissenschaftlicher Vorträge 14. Hamburg: Verlagsanstalt und Druckerei AG (vorm. J. F. Richter). Vol. 331/332, pp. 651-710. A treatise, directed at the popular audience, discussing the natural and cultural characteristics of the newly acquired Caroline, Mariana and Palau Islands. The booklet covers in an overview fashion all aspects of history, anthropology and geography, compiled from the existing published sources. None of the aspects is covered in greater detail.
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| Fitzner, Rudolf. 1901. Deutsches Kolonial-Handbuch. [German Colonial Handbook]. Berlin: Herman Paetel. Handbook detailing the geography, natural history, anthropology and social conditions of each colony. The section on the Carolines, Palau and Marianas commingles most of that information. A section on each of the stations is included, covering Saipan, Tinian and Rota, as well as the population and annual copra production of Anatahan, Alamagan, Pagan and Agrigan.
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| Friedemann, Hugo. 1905. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete. [The German protectorates]. Dresden: Alwin Huhle. General text on the German colonies. The German Pacific colonies are very briefly addressed.
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| [Fritz, Georg. 1900. "über die Marianen." On the Marianas]. Globus 78, pp. 67-68. Extracts of the report by Fritz dated 9 March 1900 (see item 808). | |
| [Fritz, Georg. 1900. "Von den Marianen." [From the Marianas]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 1, pp. 179-180. Report by Fritz dated 9 March 1900. Comments on the atrocities of the last days of the Spanish regime on Saipan and generalises on the excesses of Spanish colonial policy. Comments that he excavated a cave recovering a number of crania from what he suspects to be mass grave of Chamorro killed by the Spanish or by an introduced disease. Mentions the Spanish system of labour taxation, which he adapted. Argues that each immigrant to Saipan is live 'capital,' which needs to be encouraged through the provision of land allotments. He deplores that Germany could not acquire Guam, but is determined to make Saipan into the generally accepted centre of the Marianas-at least as far as the Chamorro are concerned. Mentions the rice terraces on Rota as well as the cattle on Tinian. A breakdown of the estimated copra production is given. Fritz concludes his upbeat article with the news that a German administration building as well as an agricultural experimentation garden will be developed in the very near future. He had already imported four deer (two male and two female) from Rota and released then on Saipan.
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| Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Bericht über die Insel Rota." [Account on the island of Rota]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten as den deutschen Schutzgebieten 14, pp. 194-204. Description of Rota and the smaller island of Taipingot, covering geology (pedology and caves), produce (mainly coconuts, maize, sweet potatoes and taro, but mentioned are among others coffee and cocoa). The fauna comprises of deer (on Taipingot), dogs, rats, chicken, curlews, pigeons, crows, coconut crabs, turtles. A fishing technique (atchuman) is described. The current Chamorro are described as timid compared to their ancestors. At the time the population was comprised of 450 Chamorro and 45 Carolinians (declining annually). The village is described as a small hamlet arranged in two parallel streets which are focussed on the stone church (described as ten times the required size) and a plaza, where the public buildings (also of stone, a casa real, a school and a shed) are erected. | |
| Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Die Insel Tinian (Marianen)." [The island of Tinian (Marianas). Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 5, pp. 150-154. Report by Fritz on the investigation of the cattle herd on Tinian on 5 November 1900. Provides a description of the island and a brief history of its land use and European interaction. | |
| Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Die Marianen." [The Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, no. 6, pp. 189-190. Brief item on the Marianas giving an overview of the geography. Reports on experiments to plant coconuts and transplant them when 6 foot tall to prevent smothering by other vegetation, compared with normally planted nuts. Comments on the need to maintain the remaining forests on the hill sides and reports on his regulation to cease the lighting of wildfire to burn off the grass as well as the felling of ifil trees. Fritz sees good prospects for modern tropical forestry.
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| [Fritz, Georg. 1901. "Die Marianen Insel Tinian." [The Island of Tinian, Marianas]. Globus 79, p. 355. Brief summary of Fritz' Deutsches Kolonialblatt article.
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| Fritz, Georg. 1902. "Reise nach den nördlichen Marianen." [Voyage to the northern Marianas]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 15, pp. 96-118. Account of a trip to the northern islands, conducted from 1 to 20 May 1901 on board of the Japanese vessel Tora Maru. Fritz was accompanied by Pedro Ada. Fritz collected both geological samples and botanical specimens, which were forwarded to the Berlin Museum and the Berlin Botanical Garden and Herbarium. Each of the islands (Agrigan, Alamagan, Anatahan, Farallon de Torres, Guguan, Marianas, Mendinilla, Pagan, Sarigan, Zealandia Bank) is described in terms of appearance, gross morphology and botany. Approach sketches for most of the islands are provided, as are sketches of bays of Pagan and Maug. | |
| [Fritz, Georg. 1906. "Von den Marianen." [From the Marianas]. Globus 89, pp. 287-289. Excerpts of Fritz' reply to the accusations levelled by Herman Costenoble. Fritz argues the case for prohibiting the burning of grass lands as it interferes with the necessary reafforestation of the island, which in turn is required to reduce the risk of erosion. Costenoble had argued that only the Japanese owned suitable land. Yet, by 1905 all Japanese-owned land had been sold back to the German government. Fritz takes issue with Costenoble's assessment of the Carolinians and Chamorro as dirty and lazy. He also takes issue with Costenoble's claim that the Chamorro and Carolinians should not be allowed to own land. A number of other issues raised by Costenoble were all in place (minimum standards of land use, taxes, leasing the northern islands to companies), indicating that Costenoble's knowledge of the situation was limited and his account biased.
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| Hahl, Albert. [no date]. "Das Inselgebiet im Stillen Ozean." [The Islands Territory in the Pacific Ocean]. In: Schultz-Ewert, Erich (ed.), Deutschlands Weg zur Kolonialmacht. Berlin: Scherl. Pp. 79-81. Coffeetable book on the German colonies, with numerous black and white illustrations.
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| Harms, H 1904. Vaterländische Erdkunde. [Geography of the Fatherland]. 6th edition. Braunschweig & Leipzig: Hellmuth Wollermann. General geography of Germany, including the colonies. German Micronesia is treated very cursorily (included as an example of treatment of the region in general geography texts).
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| Hassel, Ulrich von. 1899. "Die Karolinen-, Marianen- und Palau-Inseln." [The Caroline, Mariana and Palau Islands]. Allgemeine Konservative Monatsschrift für das christliche Deutschland 65, pp. 735-742. General overview of the islands on the eve of the German take over. Comments 'with great joy' on the expansion of the German empire and summarises the state of knowledge for a broad audience.
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| Hassert, Kurt. 1910. Deutschlands Kolonien. Erwerbungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte, Landes- und Volkskunde und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung unserer Schutzgebiete. [Germany's colonies. History of acquisition and development, geography, ethnology and the economic significance of our protectorates]. 2nd ed. Leipzig: Dr. Seele & Co. General overview of the geography, botany and demography of all islands of the German Marianas summarising all that was known at the time. Good overview item.
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| Hessler, Carl. 1900. Die Deutschen Kolonien. Beschreibung von Land und Leuten unserer auswärtigen Besitzungen. [The German colonies. Description of countries and peoples of our foreign possessions]. Fifth edition. Georg Lang: Leipzig. The geography and history as well as the general ethnography of German Micronesia are treated in a superficial manner.
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| Hessler, Carl. 1905. Die Deutschen Kolonien. Beschreibung von land und Leuten unserer auswärtigen Besitzungen. [The German colonies. Description of countries and peoples of our foreign possessions]. Sixth edition. Georg Lang: Leipzig. The geography and history as well as the general ethnography of German Micronesia are treated in a superficial manner.
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| Höfer, Hermann. 1912. "Die Marianeninsel Tinian." [The Mariana Island of Tinian]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, no. 4, pp. 48-50; no. 7, pp. 90-91; no. 8, pp. 94-98. The paper describes a trip to Tinian. Once or twice a week a boat with beef from Tinian is rowed to Saipan. The average trip takes between 6 to 7 hours-but with heavy seas two to four times that long. A number of smaller landing beaches are mentioned. The author describes the main village as well as the House of Taga. The vegetation, especially the 'useful' plants are described in detail, such as a then feral grove of 300 orange trees. The estimated number of feral pigs and chicken are mentioned. The author describes hunts for pigs, goats and cattle on Tinian and the subsequent sale of the meat to Saipan (including prices). A section on the bird life concludes the paper. Höfer comments that the Megapode is absent on Tinian.
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| Höfer, Hermann. 1913. "Bericht über Guam." [Report on Guam]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, no. 14, pp. 176-178; no. 15, pp. 188-190. The German teacher Höfer went to Guam to study the school system employed by the American administration. The paper gives a general overview on the island and the taxation system and the level of education.
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| Jung, Karl Emil. 1883. Der Weltteil Australien. [The continent of Australia]. Leipzig and Prag: G. Freytag and F. Tempsky. Vol. IV. General geographical overview of Oceania with a brief section on the Mariana Islands (pp. 241-248). The information provided is fairly general, focussing on key issues of geography, custom and material culture.
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| Jung, Karl Emil. 1899. "Die deutschen Marianen." [The German Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, no. 35, pp. 324, no. 36, pp. 330-331. Summary of the state of knowledge on the Mariana Islands, written immediately after the treaty with Spain had been signed. The paper highlights that only little was known about the Marianas apart from Guam. Some geographical facts as well as the results of the Spanish census of 1887 could be summarised. It was hoped that the islands would prove economically useful.
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| Jung, Karl Emil. 1900. "Fortschritte der geographischen Forschungen und Reisen im Jahre 1899. 1. Australien und die Südsee." [Advances of geographical researches and travels in the year 1899. 1. Australia and the South Seas]. Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik 22, no. 9, pp. 385-391. Contains a report on the occurrences during the trip by Governor von Bennigsen to formally accept the formerly Spanish islands of Micronesia for Germany. The paper summarises Bennigsen's account in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.
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| Kausch, Otto. 1903. Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon. [German Colonial Dictionary]. Dresden: Gerhard Küthmann. Handbook detailing the geography, history, and economy of each colony. The section on the German Micronesia is very cursory. A section details the postal tariffs and communications options.
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| Kerp, Heinrich. 1907. Die deutschen Kolonien. [The German colonies]. Trier: Friedrich Valentin Linz. General text on the German colonies. The German Pacific colonies are very briefly addressed.
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| Közle, Johann Friedrich Gottlob. 1900. Neuer Wegzeiger für die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika, der Südsee und Ostasien. [New directory for the German protectorates in Africa, the South Seas and East Asia]. Stuttgart: Max Kielmann. The chapter on the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands includes a verbatim text of the treaty between German and Spain, the German governments white paper on the matter (Denkschrift), as well as a general overview on the history of the region, its geology and natural resources, and its people and trade. A more detailed section deals with the missionary history.
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| Krebs. 1901. "Bemerkungen über die Marianen." [Notes on the Marianas]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Metereologie 29, pp. 17-18. Notes on a voyage of the German postal steamer München from Pohnpei to Saipan. The report includes a map of Tanapag Harbour with some depth soundings and a description of the harbour. Krebs comments on the lack of boats able to ferry goods to shore from the Garapan anchorage. It took the crew 1 1/2 to 2 hours to row the passengers and cargo to shore. Brief comment on the suitability of Magicienne Bay on the other side of Saipan.
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| Krieger, M. 1899. "Die Erweiterung unseres Kolonialbesitzes." [The broadening of our colonial possessions]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, no. 23, pp. 194-196. General item (including a map) on the new colonies in Micronesia. Confuses and generalises much of the information. Krieger argues that the Marianas are a worthwhile addition as they serve as a stop over point for ships.
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| Langhans, Paul. 1909. Karte der deutschen Verwaltungsbezirke der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen. [Map of the German administrative districts of the Caroline, Palau and Marianas]. Leipzig: Julius Perthes. Map of the new island of the Islands Territory with a statistical summary of area, population, missions and the number and distribution of trading stations.
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| Marquardsen, H. 1915. Die Kolonial-Kartensammlung des Reichs-Kolonialamts. [The colonial map collection of the Imperial Colonial Office]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. A list of maps held by the colonial office. The section on German New Guinea (pp. 33-36) includes reference to an unpublished 1902 map of Saipan drawn by Dr. Dwucet based on mapping by Georg Fritz.
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| Meinicke, Carl. 1876. Die Inseln des Stillen Oceans. Eine geographische Monographie. [The islands of the Pacific Ocean. A geographic monograph]. Leipzig: Paul Frohberg. Comprehensive geographical treatment of the Mariana Islands based on a compilation from secondary sources. Provides an overview of the animals encountered (both native and domestic), on each of the individual islands of the group. General description of the ethnography is given. | |
| Meinicke, Carl. 1876. Die Inseln des Stillen Ozeans. Eine geographische Monographie. [The islands of the Pacific Ocean. A geographic monograph]. Leipzig: Paul Fromberg. Pp. 387-410. Comprehensive geographical treatment of the Mariana Islands based on a compilation from secondary sources. Provides an overview of the animals encountered (both native and domestic) on each of the individual island of the group. General description of the ethnography is given. | |
| Meinicke, Carl. 1888. Die Inseln des Stillen Ozeans. Eine geographische Monographie. [The islands of the Pacific Ocean. A geographic monograph]. 2nd edition. Leipzig: Eduard Baldamus. Pp. 387-410. Second edition of previous item. | |
| Prager, Erich. 1904. "Die Marianen als Ansiedlungsgebiet." [The Marianas as a settlement area]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, no. 9, p. 86. Item on the arrival of a second German settler on Saipan, R. Dachsel. Favourable summary of the economic opportunities.
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| Prowazek, Stanislaus von. 1913. Die deutschen Marianen. Ihre Natur und Geschichte. [The German Marianas. Their Natural Environment and History]. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. iv, 126 pp. First monographic treatment of the island group, based on literature research as well as the observations made during a personal visit in 1911. The history of the island group is described in detail, based on published Spanish, British and German accounts. LeGobien was the main sources, as well as Anson and Chamisso. Based on the same sources, as well as Fritz, the author compiles what was known about the Chamorro and their culture. A summary of the state of knowledge of the latte sites is given. Reports on the state of the House of Taga (nine columns standing by 1885, five by 1900 (at the time of Fritz' visit) and two following the earthquake of 1902. Mentions square holes on the tops of the cap stones and a Spanish inscription on one of the columns. Mentions a Carolinian cemetery near the House of Taga. Some artefacts are depicted, among them a stone vessel, as well as a sketch of the rock art in As Teo Cave, Saipan. | |
| Rittlinger, Herbert. n. d. Südseefahrt. [South Seas Voyage]. Berlin, Leipzig, Wien: Wilhelm Goldmann. Colloquial narrative of a voyage to the Japanese Territory of Micronesia. Little factual information.
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| Sapper, Karl. 1920. "Marianen-Lage und Bodengestaltung." [Marianas-Position and geography]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503-507. Encyclopedia entry on the geography of the Marianas. | |
| Schott, G. and Perleitz, P. 1906. "Lotungen I. N. M. S. 'Edi' und des Kabeldampfers 'Stephan' im westlichen Stillen Ozean." [The soundings of INMS Edi and the cable laying steamer 'Stephan' in the western Pacific]. Archiv der deutschen Seewarte 29. Oceanographic data derived from cable-laying activities in the Western Pacific (for the Yap-Celebes and Yap-Guam-Shanghai cables). | |
| Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. "Die Insel Guam." [The island of Guam]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik, und Kolonialwirtschaft pp. 6-9. General overview of Guam, its physical geography, agriculture, population, customs, administration etc.
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| Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. "Saipan, die Hauptinsel der deutschen Marianen." [Saipan, the main German Island]. Globus 86, pp. 278-282. Overall positive description of the island, based on a brief visit by Seidel in 1902. Describes Garapan and comments on the differences between Chamorro and Carolinians. Includes comments on the agricultural experimentation carried out by Fritz, social customs, and environmental conditions. Costenoble's farm is described. On the whole the paper is designed to boost immigration by Germans.
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| Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. "Zur Kenntnis der Marianen." [Towards understanding the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, no. 1, p. 5. Overview paper on the Marianas. Mentions that Chamorro has been declared language of instruction in schools and that Fritz wrote a grammar and dictionary of the Chamorro language. Concludes with a plea to improve the shipping services arguing that the duration of three months for news and mail to reach Germany was too long.
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| Seidel, Heinrich. 1914. "Die Insel Tinian und ihre Stellung im Marianenbogen." [The island of Tinian and its position in the Marianas Arc]. Geographische Zeitschrift 20, pp. 558-567. Review of the state of knowledge on Tinian, summarising geology, oceanography, pedology, climatology and fauna and flora. Some comments on the agricultural potential of the island conclude the paper.
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| Senfft, Arno. 1906. "Bericht des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmannes Senfft vom 10. Oktober 1905 über seinen Besuch auf der Insel Guam." [Report of the Imperial district administrator Senfft of 10 October 1905 on his visit to the island of Guam]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 5, pp. 143-144. Brief item discussing the developments on Guam since Senfft's last visit in 1904. The cable station development is admired. The US Governor commented on the development of a wireless communications system, and suggested that a similar structure be developed on Saipan, as this would allow communication between the two administrations. The Governor commented that this would be desirable as there were four physicians on Guam and none on Saipan. Senfft declined to comment.
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| Senfft, Arno. 1908. "Die Marianen-Insel Rota." [The Marianas Island of Rota]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 15, pp. 746-747. Brief item on the state of Rota. Mentions that coral heads had been blasted in Rota harbour in 1906, making the anchorage safer and creating an access for launches. Thirty pupils attended the school on Rota, taught by a former pupil of the Government school on Saipan.
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| Supan, A. 1905. "Die Insel Guam." [The island of Guam]. Dr. A Petermann's Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt 51, pp. 40-41. Review item compiled from US publications by Safford and Wheeler. Physical geography of Guam, with brief notes on flora and fauna. Population estimates are given. The strategic significance of the island is discussed. A map is included.
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Geology & Geomorphology . |
| Anon. 1902. "Rundschau: Erdbeben auf den Marianen." [Review: earthquake in the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, p. 502. The earthquake of 22 September 1902 is reported. It is mentioned that the American Governor sent, a day after the event, the vessel Justin to Saipan, with a physician, medical supplies and provisions, to assist if required. This was not required. Fritz took the opportunity and travelled to Guam on board the Justin to personally thank the Governor for his kindness; he was to return to Saipan on board a Japanese schooner.
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| Anon. 1903. "Erdbeben auf den Marianen." [Earthquake in the Marianas]. Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik 25, p. 188. Brief item on the earthquake of 22 September 1902, which caused considerable damage on Guam and lesser damage on Saipan. Mentions that the American Governor had sent the US steamer Justin to Saipan (with a doctor and medical supplies) to provide any assistance if required. None was needed and Fritz went to Guam on board the Justin to pay a formal visit.
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| Anon. 1903. "Erdbeben auf Ponape und den Marianen." [Earthquake on Pohnpei and the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, p. 611. Brief item on the earthquake of 22 September 1902, which caused considerable damage on Guam and lesser damage on Saipan. The damage on Saipan is enumerated. Also mentions that an earthquake was felt on Pohnpei on the same day.
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| Anon. 1907. "Erdbeben auf den Ostkarolinen." [Earthquake in the eastern Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, no. 8, p. 364. Item on earthquakes in the Carolines, reports the earthquake of 22 September 1902 on the south of Pohnpei, as well as on Manton I. on Mokil (This is the same day as the earthquake affecting the Marianas); the event on 19 April 1905 on Kosrae (Lelu); and on 28 August 1906 on Toto, felt little on Ono and Otari, but strongly on Mager and Magerik.
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| Anon. 1908. "Die Zugänge für die Kolonialsammlung der Geologischen Landesanstalt 1907." [Additions to the colonial collection of the Geological Institute in Berlin.] Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 4, p. 201. Article on the collections of the geological institute. Fritz had submitted numerous geological specimens from the Marianas and the Carolines.
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| Anon. 1912. "Der Bergbau der deutschen Schutzgebiete." [Mining in the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, no. 18, pp. 293-294. Review of the value of the German colonies as providers of minerals. While emphasis is on the prospects in the German colonies in Africa, the importance of the phosphate exports from Micronesia is mentioned. In terms of financial returns, the phosphate exports with 9. 5 million Marks ranked second behind the diamond exports from German Southwest Africa (26. 9 million Marks), followed by the copper and lead ore from German Southwest Africa (6. 6 million Marks).
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| Anon. 1912. "Geologische Zentralstelle für die deutschen Schutzgebiete." [Central bureau on geology for the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, p. 916. Item on the creation of a central bureau charged with the research of geology in the German protectorates. | |
| Eckert, Georg. 1936. "Der Goldbergbau in Deutsch-Neuguinea." [Goldmining in German New Guinea]. Koloniale Rundschau 27, p. 465 -?. Paper on the gold production in the Australian Mandated Territory of New Guinea. Contains a section discussing the economic development of Micronesia under the Japanese administration. | |
| Fuchs, Karl. 1875. Vulkane und Erdbeben. [Volcanoes and earthquakes]. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. Popular science book on the topic. Lists known volcanoes of the world. For the Marianas brief entries are given for Asuncion, Guguan and Pagan.
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| Kaiser, Erich. 1903. "Beiträge zur Petrographie und Geologie der deutschen Südsee-Inseln." [Contributions to the petrography and geology of the German South Seas Islands]. Jahrbücher der Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt und Bergakademie zu Berlin 24, pp. 91-122. Discussion of the petrography and geology of selected islands of the Carolines, the Marianas and Samoa. The Marianas section describes samples from Farallon de Pajeros collected by Georg Fritz and material from Saipan collected by Fritz and Georg Volkens. Fritz also sampled material from a latte site at Marpi.
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| Kaiser, Erich. 1904. "Gesteine von den deutschen Südesseeinseln." [Rocks from the German South Sea Islands]. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin p. 530. Brief summary of a publication dealing with geological specimens collected by Georg Volkens in the German Pacific. The samples from the Marianas were collected during the first days of German rule.
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| Koert, W. and Finck, L. 1920. "Zur geologischen Kenntnis von den Palau-Inseln, Jap, den Marianen und Ponape." [On the state of geological knowledge about the Palau Islands, Yap, the Marianas and Pohnpei]. Beiträge zur geologischen Erforschung der Deutschen Schutzgebiete 18, no. 1, pp. 1-15. Discussion of the geology and petrography of several islands of Micronesia. The section on the Mariana Islands discusses the new material collected in 1913 by the German colonial official Dr. Herrmann Kersting on Rota, Tinian, Sarigan, Pagan, Agrigan and Farallon de Pajeros.
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| [Krämer, Augustin. 1906. "Der grösste Teil der Marshall-Inseln, Karolinen und südlichen Marianen. (Mit vier Abbildungen)." [The greatest part of the Marshalls, Carolines and southern Marshalls (with four illustrations)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 22, pp. 749-751. Treatise on the origin of the formation of atolls or coral islands, pertinent also to German New Guinea (Marshall, Caroline and southern Mariana Islands).
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| Madre, Corbinian. 1910. "Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Erdbeben auf Rota." [Pictures from mission life. Earthquake on Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1910]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 45-47. Description of life with earthquakes. Describes the earthquake of 1767 and recites a prayer that was written in response to that event, as well as the impact of an earthquake in October 1905. Other earthquakes of 1909 and 1910 are listed. | |
| Madre, Corbinian. 1914. "Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Taifun auf der Insel Rota." [Pictures from mission life. Typhoon on the island of Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1914. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1914]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 15-16. Narrative of the events of the typhoon on Rota on 9 November 1913. | |
| Range, Paul. 1936. "Geologie und Bergbau der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee. III. Die Schutzgebiete in der Südsee und das Pachtgebiet Kiautschou." [Geology and mining in the German protectorates of Africa and the South Seas. III. The protectorates of the South Seas and the leased territory of Jiazhou]. Der Tropenpflanzer 39, no. 3, pp. 118-124; no. 4, 137-168. The paper provides an overview of the geology of and the occurrence of mineral resources in Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the Bismarck-Archipelago (both New Guinea), and the Solomon Islands (Bougainville). The Islands Territory is also addressed, with special emphasis on the phosphate resources on Nauru and Angaur. A geological summary of the Marianas lists each island, its volcanic status and the petrography of the rocks found there. A detailed bibliography is appended.
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| Range, Paul. 1937. "Die deutsche Südsee und Kiautschou: Geologie und Bodenschätze." [The German South Seas and Jiazhou: geology and minerals]. Zeitschrift der deutschen geographischen Gesellschaft 89, pp. 433-468. Assessment of the geology and mineral resource portantial of the German possessions in the South Seas and in China. | |
| Seidel, Heinrich. 1904. "Der geologische Aufbau der deutschen Marianen Insel Saipan." [The geological structure of the Marianas Island of Saipan]. Geographischer Anzeiger 5, pp. 217-200. Description of the geology of the island. Seidel discusses the potential presence of igneous rock on the island and its implications on geologic history. | |
| Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. "Der geologische Aufbau der Marianen Insel Saipan." [The geological structure of the Marianas Island of Saipan]. Globus 87, no. 1, p. 20. Brief summary of Seidel's paper no. 865.
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Oceanography . |
| Grapow, Admiral von. 1902. "Mittheilungen über die Carolinen-, Palau- und Marianen-Inseln." [Notes on the Caroline, Palau und Mariana Islands]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Metereologie 33, pp. 331-333. Brief notes by Captain Grapow, commander of the German cruiser Cormoran on the harbour facilities on Guam, Saipan and Tinian. He comments on the problems of recognising a rock in Tanapag Harbour. A buoy, laid by the district administrator (Fritz) had disappeared at the time of the Cormoran's visit. Garapan anchorage is described as unsuitable unless in calm weather. A navigational aid erected by the administration guides the way to the pier of Garapan.
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| Reichsmarineamt. 1913. Südsee-Handbuch des Reichsmarineamtes. IV. bis VI. Teil Die Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Marianen. [South Seas Handbook of the Department of the Imperial Navy, Parts IV to VI, the Carolines, Marshall Islands and Marianas]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. Navigation handbook for the German navy, replete with geographic and some cultural information. Guam and the Marianas are discussed on pp. 100-130. The booklet contains a number of sketches of the approaches to the various islands of the Marianas.
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| Reichsmarineamt. 1914. Erste Ergänzung zum Südsee-Handbuch des Reichsmarineamtes. IV. bis VI. Teil Die Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Marianen, 1913. [First supplement to the South Seas Handbook of the Department of the Imperial Navy, Parts IV to VI, the Carolines, Marshall Islands and Marianas]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. Navigation handbook for the German navy, replete with geographic and some cultural information. Guam and the Marianas are discussed on pp. 15-19. | |
Climatology . |
| Anon. 1905. "Aus der Südsee. Wirbelsturm." [From the South Seas. Typhoon]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 19, no. 34, pp. 357-358. Detailed account of the impact of the typhoon of 20 April 1905 on Pohnpei. Demonstrates the impact on a German administration and the disaster management responses in Micronesia.
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| Anon. 1905. "Unwetter in den Marianen." [Storm in the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, no. 22, p. 674. Report on the impact of the 27 August 1905 typhoon on Saipan. Includes a series of Barometer readings. The typhoon affecting Pagan on 5 July is mentioned.
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| Anon. 1905. "Weiterer Bericht des geschäftsführenden Vize-Gouverneurs in Ponape über den Orkan am 20. April 1905." [Further Report by the acting Vice-Governor in Pohnpei regarding the typhoon of 20 April 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 457. Item on the typhoon impact on the islands other than Pohnpei. Mentions the devastation on Mokil, Pingelap and Kosrae as reported by the Germania and the Morning Star. The evacuation of the residents on Pingelap is contemplated (either to Pohnpei or to Saipan) (included because of its relevance to the understanding of the 1905 typhoon season).
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| Anon. 1906. "Beobachtungen über einen Taifun auf den Marianen." [Observations on a typhoon in the Marianas]. Globus 89, no. 1, p. 20. Brief item reprinting information on the typhoon of 27 August 1905 initially published by the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.
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| Anon. 1906. "Der zweite Orkan von Saipan." [The second typhoon on Saipan]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, no. 8, p. 78. Brief item on the typhoon of 8 November 1905.
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| Anon. 1907. "Aus der Südsee. " [From the South Seas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 21, no. 24, pp. 1070-1071. Report on the impact of the Good Friday typhoon on the western Carolines and the evacuation of some survivors to Yap, Palau and Saipan.
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| Anon. 1908. "Neue Taifun-Verwüstungen." [New devastations by typhoons]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 1, p. 14. Very brief item notifying the public of the devastation of Agrigan and Pagan by a typhoon on 4 September 1907.
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| Anon. 1908. "Neues aus den Kolonien. Südseeschutzgebiete." [News from the colonies. South Seas protectorates]. Kolonie und Heimat 1, no. 12, p. 11. Item on the impact of the typhoon on Pagan and Agrigan.
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| Anon. 1908. "Die Verwüstung von Agrigan und Pagan." [The devastation on Agrijuan and Pagan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 4, p. 183. The district administrator of Yap (Senfft) was able to investigate the typhoon damages on the islands on board of SMS Condor. No casualties are reported. The damage to the coconut plantations on Pagan is described as worst on the south and north. The plantation area at the bay was least hit. The production of the islands will be affected for several years. All workers on Agrigan and most of the workers on Pagan were evacuated to Saipan on a Japanese schooner.
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| Anon. 1910. "Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1909. Station Saipan." [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1909]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 23, pp. 218-223. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan.
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| Anon. 1910. "Unwetter auf Saipan." [Storms on Saipan]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, no. 2, p. 22. Item on the September and October 1909 typhoons in the Marianas. The administration buildings roofed with Japanese style clay tiles suffered substantial wind and rain damage, but the files and library could be saved. Mentions that the resettled Mortlockese are hardest hit, and that repair works and construction projects by the colonial administration will provide income opportunities for the Mortlockese community. The content is mainly abstracted from an item in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.
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| Anon. 1911. "Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1910. Station Garapan auf Saipan." [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1910. Station Garapan on Saipan]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 24, pp. 360-365. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan.
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| Anon. 1911. "Taifun auf Jap." [Typhoon on Yap]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea 3, no. 16, p. 177. Report on the effects of the typhoon of 18 July 1911.
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| Anon. 1913. "Die letzten Taifunverheerungen auf den Palau-Inseln." [The recent typhoon devastation on the Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, no. 5, pp. 236-238. Account of the typhoons of 22 and 26 November 1911, affecting Babeldoab. The Chamorro settlements in the north of Babeldoab are particularly hard hit, with most the taro patches destroyed. The settlements of the Sokehs Pohnpeians were also severely affected. The mission settlements at Malegeok and Amelik are totally destroyed. Kaijangl was washed over by a cyclonic surge, causing widespread devastation but no loss of life.
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| Anon. 1914. "Taifunverheerungen auf der Marianen-Insel Rota." [Typhoon damage on the Mariana island of Rota]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, p. 144. Brief item describing the effects of the typhoon. It destroyed almost all local houses, deroofed the German administration building and severely damaged copra and tobacco plantations.
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| Anon. 1914. "Taifunverheerungen auf Rota." [Typhoon damage on Rota]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, no. 8, p. 137. Brief item describing the effects of the typhoon. It destroyed almost all local houses, deroofed the German administration building and severely damaged copra and tobacco plantations.
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| Born, Ludwig, Martens and Fritz, Georg. 1907. "Ein Taifun in den West-Karolinen." [A typhoon in the western Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 567-577. Detailed description of the impact of the typhoon of 27 March 1907 on Woleai, based on the eye witness account of the German government physician Dr. Ludwig Born, who experienced the typhoon on the atoll, an eye witness account by Captain Martens of the Pohnpei who experienced the typhoon at Oleai and whose vessel was disabled, and an account by Georg Fritz who went to Oleai to assess the impact and the need for disaster relief including the evacuation of part of the population to Yap (Palau) and Saipan. The events during and after the typhoon, including the subsequent drought, are well described by Born.
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| Danckelmann, von. 1904. "Regenfall auf den Marianen und in Deutsch-Neu-Guinea 1902." [Rainfall on the Marianas and German New Guinea 1902]. Metereologische Zeitschrift 21, p. 533. Climatic data on Saipan and other locations on German New Guinea (Islands Territory). | |
| Dwucet, F. 1908. "Die Marianen. Land und Leute." [The Marianas. Island and people]. Kolonie und Heimat 2, no. 24, pp. 6-7. Well illustrated article by the government teacher on Saipan describing the environment, the population and its customs. An overview of the agricultural subsistence base is given, including the prices for live cattle. Dwucet mentions that horses were introduced in 1906 but did not do well on the islands.
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| Dwucet, F. 1909. "Land und Leute auf den Marianeninseln." Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 7, pp. 118-119; no. 10, p. 165. Similar item as above.
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| Fritz, Georg. 1906. "Bericht des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmannes Fritz in Saipan über einen zweiten Taifun." [Report of the Imperial District Administrator Fritz in Saipan about a second typhoon]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, no. 4, pp. 103-104. Report on the impact of the 8 November 1905 typhoon on Saipan. Enumerates the damage and includes a series of barometer readings. .
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| Fritz, Georg; Reichel, Volker; Woitschek, Hermann; Gibbon, James; Winkler; Lewis, Ewan; Petersen, E; Girschner, Max; Martens; Melander, J. V.; and Domnick, Karl. 1904. "Niederschlagsmengen auf den Palau-, Marianen-, Karolinen- und Marshall-Inseln." [Rainfall totals for the Palau, Mariana, Caroline and Marshall Island]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 17, p. 158. Weather and earthquake data for the year 1903 for stations at Garapan (Saipan), Malakai (Palau), Yap, Lamotrek, Eten (Chuuk), Pohnpei, Kosrae and Jaluit.
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| Fritz, Georg; von Zelewski; Woitschek, Hermann; Winkler; Girschner, Max; Lewis, Ewan; and von Bunsen. 1903. "Meteorologische Beobachtungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten der Südsee für das Jahr 1902." [Meteorological observations in the German protectorates of the South Seas for the year 1902]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 16, pp. 231-240. Weather and earthquake data for the year 1903 for stations at Garapan (Saipan), Malakai (Palau), Yap, Lamotrek, Eten (Chuuk), Pohnpei, Jaluit and various stations on German New Guinea.
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| Fritz, Georg, von Zelewski, and Woitschek, Hermann. 1903. "Metereologische Beobachtungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten der Südsee für das Jahr 1902." [Meteorological observations from the German Protectorates of the South Seas for the year 1902]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten as den deutschen Schutzgebieten 15, pp. 230-232. Meteorological data and earthquake frequencies for 1901 and 1902.
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| Graf, Basilius. 1913. "Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Taifun auf den Palau Inseln." [Pictures from mission life. Typhoon on the Palau Islands]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 31-35. Eyewitness account of the events during the 26 November 1912 typhoon on Babeldoab and the destruction of the mission station at Melegeok. | |
| Graf, Basilius. 1914. "Taifun auf den Palau Inseln." [Typhoon on the Palau Islands]. Gott Will Es! 26, no. 1, p. 26-29. Eyewitness account of the typhoon of 26 November 1913. Details the events during the typhoon and the impact and damage to the mission station.
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| Heidke, P. 1917. "Meteorologische Beobachtungen aus Deutsch-Neuguinea einschließlich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, und Marianen sowie Marshall-, Brown und Providence-Inseln. Teil I. Zusammenstellung der Monatsmittel bis zum Jahre 1913 an 30 Stationen höherer Ordnung und 13 Regenmeßstationen." [Meteorological observations from German New Guinea including the island territories of the Carolines, Palau, the Marianas and the Marshall, Brown and Providence Islands. Part 1. Compilation of the monthly averages until the year 1913 at 30 stations of higher order and 13 rainfall measuring stations]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 30, pp. 3-170. Compilation and detailed analysis of the monthly meteorological averages in German New Guinea and the islands. In the Marianas observation stations were on Saipan, first at the Government offices and from 1913 at the school at Garapan and the Catholic mission on Rota. Each of the stations and its instrumentation is described and the climatic data are presented for 1913. A detailed description of the effects of several typhoons on Rota is also given (for events of 21 August 1911, 19 October 1911 and 10 November 1913).
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| Heidke, P. 1920. "Marianen-Klima." [Marianas-Climate]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503-507. Encyclopedia entry on the climate of the Marianas. | |
| Kirn, Karl. 1906. "Aus den Schutzgebieten der Südsee. Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1905." [From the South Sea Protectorates. Results of the rain measurements in the year 1905]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 19, pp. 339-351. Climatic data for Garapan, Saipan. The report provides detailed meteorological details on two typhoons that struck Saipan on 26 August 1905 and on 8 November 1905.
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| Kirn, Karl. 1907. "Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1906. Garapan auf Saipan." [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1906]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 20, pp. 231-238. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan .
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| Kirn, Karl. 1908. "Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1907. Station Garapan (Saipan), Marianen." [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1907. Station Garapan (Saipan), Marianas]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 21, pp. 220-226. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan .
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| Kirn, Karl. 1910. "Stürme auf Saipan." [Storms on Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, no. 1, p. 24. Account of the climatic situation on Saipan. A drought hampered food production, which affected the re-settled Mortlockese community in particular (as their fields had just been established). To provide them with income, a public labour scheme was created. A typhoon on 2 October 1909 devastated much of the limited harvest, especially breadfruit, bananas and maize. A substantial amount of the public and private infrastructure, among it the administration and the hospital, were damaged.
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| Kirn, Karl and Höfer, Hermann. 1909. "Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1908. Station Gárapan auf Saipan." [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1908. Station Gárapan on Saipan]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 22, pp. 299-304. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan.
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| Kommandant SMS 'Cormoran'. 1914. "Taifunverheerungen auf der Marianen-Insel Rota." [Destruction by a typhoon on the Marianas Island Rota]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, no. 4, p. 144. Item on the typhoon of 10 November 1913. The eye of the typhoon passed over the island. While the storms associated with the typhoon lasted for 36 hours, the peak of the event lasted 2 hours. Almost all local houses are destroyed. The building of the government administration has lost its roof and all inventory was rain damaged. Most trees have been defoliated and many palms destroyed. All coconuts are lost. The already damaged government boat has been completely lost. Food shortages are already occurring. | |
| Lopinot, Callistus. 1907. "Ein Taifun auf Yap." [A typhoon on Yap]. Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit der Kapuziner der rheinisch-westfälischen Ordensprovinz in der Mission der Karolinen. Jahresbericht 1906. Saarlouis: Hausen & Co. Pp. 44-47. Eyewitness narrative of the typhoon of 11/12 May 1906. | |
| Madre, Corbinian. 1912. "Taifunverheerungen auf Rota." [Devastations by a typhoon on Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1912. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 42-44. Eyewitness account of the typhoon of 19 October 1911 striking Rota. All but 3 Chamorro houses were destroyed, and the church, the school and the German administration building deroofed. Mentions that an earthquake occurred when the typhoon struck. | |
| Marquardsen, H. 1912. "Bericht über das metereologischen Beobachtungswesen im Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea im Jahre 1911." [Report on the meteorological observation system in the protectorate German New Guinea for the year 1911]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 25, pp. 332-337. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan. .
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| Marquardsen, H. 1913. "Das metereologische Beobachtungswesen im Deutsch-Neuguinea in Jahre 1912." [The meteorological observation system in of German New Guinea in the year 1912]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 26, pp. 350-356. Item providing climatological and earthquake frequency data for Micronesia for 1912. In the first half of the year Saipan was extremely dry with only 1796mm of rain for the 6-months period.
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| Marquardsen, H. 1914. "Bericht über das metereologische Beobachtungswesen im Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea." [Report on the meteorological observation system in the protectorate of German New Guinea]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 27, pp. 360-366. Item providing climatological data for Micronesia for 1913 and part of 1914. Descriptions of the 11/11 October 1913 typhoon on Saipan and the 12 August 1913 typhoon on Yap are given. A list of earthquakes felt on Saipan is also given.
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| Müller, Kilian and Madre, Corbinian. 1912. "Taifunverheerungen auf Rota." [Typhoon damages on Rota]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 25, pp. 75-76. Description of the effects of the typhoon that struck Rota on 19 October 1911. The item comprises of descriptions of the event, including a series of barometric pressure readings, and a description of the aftermath.
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| Müller, Placidus. 1913. "Wie wir in diesem Jahre in Korror-Palau Weihnachten feierten." [Pictures from mission life. How we celebrated Christmas this year in Koror, Palau]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 43-45. Eyewitness account of the typhoon of 25/26 November 1912 on Palau and its aftermath and impact on the Palauan community. | |
| Schwabe, Gustav. 1905. "Die Sturmflut auf Jaluit." [The tidal wave on Jaluit]. Hiltruper Monatshefte 22, no. 11, pp. 499-501. Article reprinting a letter sent by the German government physician. The letter is a eye-witness account which describes the impact of destruction wrought by a typhoon which struck the southern Marshalls on 30 June 1905. The letter was sent two days after the cyclone on board the German steamer Germania which rode out the typhoon in Jaluit lagoon. | |
| Schwabe, Gustav. 1905. "Der Taifun auf Jaluit." [The typhoon on Jaluit]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, no. 38, pp. 401-402. News article reprinting a letter sent by the German government physician. The letter is a eye-witness account which describes the impact of destruction wrought by a typhoon which struck the southern Marshalls on 30 June 1905. The letter was sent two days after the cyclone on board the German steamer Germania which rode out the typhoon in Jaluit lagoon. The paper contains a photo showing make-shift accommodation made from salvaged corrugated iron. | |
| Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. "Klima und Wetter auf den Marianen." [Climate and weather in the Marianas]. Globus 86, p. 164. Brief item on the climate of the Marianas, abstracted from Seidel's publication no 913.
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| Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. "Klima und Wetter auf den Marianen." [Climate and weather in the Marianas]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Geographie 31, pp. 139-144. Review article compiling the state of knowledge on the climate of the Marianas. Seidel deplores that no detailed climatic records can be found on the northern Marianas. He then continues to compile isolated data and observations made by De Freycinet, George Anson, Le Gobien, Byron, and Alfred Marche. Proposes that all captains of trading vessels on the Yokohama-Saipan run should be obliged to submit climatological observations.
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| Senfft, Arno. 1908. "über den Taifun auf den Marianen-Inseln Agrigan und Pagan." [On the typhoon on the Mariana Islands of Agrigan and Pagan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, no. 14, p. 685. Additional information on the impact of the typhoon on Agrigan and Pagan on 4 September 1907.
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| Woitschek, Hermann and Kirn, Karl. 1905. "Resultate der metereologischen Beobachtungen. Garapan auf Saipan, Marianen." [Results of the meteorological observations. Garapan on Saipan, Marianas]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten as den deutschen Schutzgebieten 8, p. 371. Weather and earthquake data for Saipan for the year 1904.
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Fauna . |
| Anon. 1903. Offizieller Katalog der Deutsch-Kolonialen Jagdaustellung. [Official catalogue of the German colonial hunting exhibition]. Second edition. Karlsruhe: [n/a]. Catalogue of an exhibition of wildlife and hunting trophies from the German colonies. The section on the South Seas provides a brief overview on the fauna, deploring the relative scarcity of huntable animals with the exception of birds. A collection of Pohnpeian ethnographica was exhibited by Albert Vahlkampf. Ethnographica of deer trophies from the Marianas are absent.
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| Anon. 1909. "Bienenzucht auf den Marianen." [Beekeeping on the Marianas]. Koloniale Rundschau pp. 375-376. Brief summary of Dr. Dwucet's introduction of bees to Saipan and the establishment of a honey industry.
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| Anon. 1913. "Perlenzucht der deutschen Südsee." [Cultivation of pearls in the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, no. 34, pp. 568-569. Item arguing for trials of pearl farming in the Marshall Islands. | |
| Beccari, Odoardo. 1914. "Neue Palmen Micronesiens." [New palms from Micronesia]. Englers Botanische Jahrbücher 52, p. 4. Paper describing new species of palms collected in German Micronesia. | |
| Beccari, Odoardo. 1924. "Neue Palmen Micronesiens." [New palms from Micronesia]. Englers Botanische Jahrbücher 59, p. 16. Paper describing new species of palms collected in German Micronesia. | |
| Dwucet, F. 1909. "Einführung der Bienen aus der Insel Saipan (mit 2 Abbildungen)." [The introduction of bees on the island of Saipan (with 2 illustrations)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, no. 19, pp. 317-318. Article describing the efforts of the German school teacher Dr. Dwucet to establish an apiary industry on Saipan in 1905. The bees were procured from the Bonin Islands. Dwucet used school children as a means to educate the general public in the use and keeping of bees. Beehives could be bought for RMk 7.50 by interested parties. One pound of honey was sold for 1 RMk, bringing in 115 RMk. The enterprise was successful as long as his personal impetus remained. When Dr. Dwucet retired to Spandau (Berlin) much of this came to a halt. Contains two good photos.
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| Finsch, Otto. 1876. "Vögel von Ponapé." [The birds of Pohnpei]. Journal des Museums Godeffroy 12, pp. 14-40. Item on the bird life in the Carolines, based on own ornithological research in Micronesia. An example of early German natural history work in the region. | |
| Galvagni, E. 1912. "Bericht über Marianen- und Samoaschmetterlinge." [Report on butterflies from the Marianas and Samoa]. Versammlung der Sektion für Lepidepterologie der Kaiserlich und Königlich zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 62, no. 3-4, p. 119-124. Item on the butterflies collected in German Samoa and the Marianas. | |
| Krebs, Wilhelm. 1913. "Perlenzucht der deutschen Südsee." [Cultivation of pearls in the German South Seas]. Fischzeitung. [original not found]. Item arguing for the trials of pearl farming in the Marshall Islands. | |
| Quadras, J. F. and Moellendorff, O. F. de. 1894. "Diagnoses specierum novarum a J. F. Quadras in insulis Mariannis collectarum scripserunt." [Descriptions of new species collected by J. F. Quadras in the Mariana Islands]. Nachrichtenblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, no. 1-2, pp. 13-22; no. 3-4, pp. 33-42. Taxonomic descriptions of land shells collected in the Marianas (in Latin).
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| Schnee, Paul. 1910. "Einiges über die höhere Tierwelt der Marianen." [Notes on the higher fauna of the Marianas]. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 82, pp. 458-470. Description of several species of Marianas fauna. Comments that insectivorous bats were observed on Saipan (and Jaluit), which he deems to have dispersed on drifting trees and other flotsam, rather than dispersed by flight. He describes the hunt for fruit bats and attempts to tame young bats. Philippine deer are abundant on Rota. On Saipan they lived mainly in the eastern part of the island, but during mating season came to the western part as well. Deer are hunted on Guam, but are protected in the German Marianas, even though annually several deer die due to 'accidents' on Rota. Deer were introduced to Pohnpei by the German administration. King fishers are described as a pest, feeding on young chicks and making chicken farming almost impossible unless they are first shot out. Guinea fowls were released on Saipan and, protected from hunting, are doing well despite the large number of rats. Introduced were grey domestic pigeons and a wild pigeon from the Philippines, both introduced during Spanish times, and a Palauan species of fruit dove introduced in 1903. Megapodes are reported as absent on Guam, but present on all major islands of the German Marianas. Schnee discusses insectivorous bats, fruit bats, Philippine deer, rats, mice, cattle, feral pigs, feral dogs, king fishers, small song birds, cats, guinea fowls, domestic pigeons, fruit pigeons, megapodes, Varanus indicus, and lizards.
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| Schnee, Paul. 1911. "Die verwilderten Haustiere auf Tinian." [The feral domestic animals on Tinian]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Wirtschaft 13, pp. 350-362. Discussion of the nature and possible origin of the Tinian cattle. The cattle are described as large with a white or black-and-white coat. Apart from human hunting, dogs are the main enemy of the cattle, usually attacking calves, but during the dry season also weakened adult cattle. The process of hunting, meat preparation (including drying), transportation to Saipan and sales (including prices) are described. The second part of the paper addresses the hunt for and market in goats and pigs. Feral dogs are also described. The author observed some feral cats, but their home range was restricted to the vicinity of the main settlement, suggesting that their introduction was of a more recent nature. A comment on feral chicken concludes the paper.
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| Schnee, Paul. 1912. "über Mücken in Saipan." [On Mosquitoes on Saipan]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 4, p. 711. A brief item commenting that only non-malaria bearing species occur on Saipan.
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v . |
| Anon. 1900. "Flora der Karolinen und Marianen." [The flora of the Carolines and the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, no. 16, p. 646. Brief item on the floristic research conducted by Prof. Georg Volkens, whose return to Germany is eagerly awaited. | |
| Bitter, G. 1921. "Eine neue Solanum-Art von den Marianen." [A new species of Solanum from the Marianas]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 559-560. Description of Solanum Saipanese collected on Saipan by the teacher Hermann Höfer.
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| Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1826. "De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal." [Plants observed during the Romanzov exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 1, pp. 256, 402. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin]. | |
| Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1829. "De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal." [Plants observed during the Romanzov exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 4, pp. 129, 435. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin]. | |
| Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1830. "De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal." [On the plants observed during the Romanzoff Exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 5, p. 44. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin]. | |
| Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1831. "De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal." [On the plants observed during the Romanzoff Exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 6, p. 556. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin]. | |
| Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1832. "De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal." [On the plants observed during the Romanzoff Exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 7, p. 107. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin]. | |
| Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1833. "De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal." [On the plants observed during the Romanzoff Exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 8, pp. 189, 225. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin]. | |
| Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1836. "De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal." [On the plants observed during the Romanzoff Exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 10, pp. 586, 589. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin]. | |
| De Candolle, C. 1921. "Piperaceae novae e Micronesia et Polynesia allatae." [New Piperacea from Micronesia and Polynesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 502-506. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Herrmann Höfer and Georg Fritz.
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| Deeken, Richard. 1913. "Vegetationsbild aus der Südsee." [A picture of vegetation in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, pp. 449-450. Impressions on tropical vegetation in the German South Seas colonies written for a popular audience. | |
| Diels, L. 1915. "Anonaceae." [Anonaceae]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 52, pp. 16-18. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (by various collectors including Herrmann Costenoble), as well as specimens from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz and Georg Volkens.
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| Diels, L. 1921. "Die Myrtaceen Mikronesiens." [The Myrtacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 529-534. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz and Hermann Höfer, as well as on Guam (by MacGregor and Herrmann Costenoble).
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| Diels, L. 1925. "Digitaria marianensis." [Secretion of Digitaria marianensis]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 59, p. 1. Description of Digitaria marianensis collected by Charles Gibbon an Sariguan.
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| Gilg, E. and Benedict, Ch. 1921. "Die bis jetzt aus Mikronesien und Polynesien bekannt gewordenen Loganiaceen." [On the Loganiacea known to date from Micronesia and Polynesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 540-557. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (various sources) and on Saipan by Herrmann Höfer and Dr. Schnee.
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| Kneucker, A. 1915. "Bemerkungen zu den Gramineae exsiccatae." [Notes on the Gramineae exsiccatae]. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitscrift 21, pp. 126-128. Brief botanical notes on a group of grasses, among them one from Guam (introduced).
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| Krasser, Fridolin. 1898. "Zur Kenntnis des Lycopodium cerneem aut." [On the knowledge of Lycopodium cerneem]. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 48, pp. 688-693. Includes a description of Lycopodium capillaceum from the Mariana Islands. | |
| Kükenthal, G. 1925. "Beiträge zur Cyperaceenflora von Mikronesien." [Contributions to the Cyperaceae flora of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 59, pp. 2-10. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Study listing 24 new species, among them Fimbrystilis urakasiana as a new species (from the Marianas). Includes examples collected on Guam (various collectors) and on Saipan by Herrmann Höfer, Georg Fritz and Ch. Gibbon.
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| Kutzing, F. T. 1847. "Diagnosen einiger neuer ausländischen Algen Species, welche sich in der Sammlung des Herrn Kammerdirektors Klenze in Laubach befinden." [Descriptions of some new foreign species of algae which are contained in the collection of director Klenze of Laubach]. Flora (Jena) 30, pp. 773-776. Includes Hydracanthus fistolosus, new species, from the Marianas. | |
| Lam, H. J. 1925. "Die Verbenaceae von Mikronesien." [The Verbenaceae of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 59, pp. 24-29. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples collected on Saipan by Georg Volkens, Haenke, Herrmann Höfer and Georg Fritz, on Tinian by Dr. Schnee as well as on Guam (various).
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| Lauterbach, Carl. 1901. "Geschichte der Botanischen Forschung des Gebietes." [History of botanical research in the area]. In: Schumann, Karl and Lauterbach, Karl (eds), Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee. Leipzig: Gebrüder Bornträger. P. vii-xvi. Introduction to a botanical treatise on the vegetation of all German protectorates in the South Seas. The text provides an historic overview over the development of botanical research in the German Pacific. | |
| Lauterbach, Carl. 1920. "Marianen-Pflanzenwelt." [Marianas-Flora]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503-507. Encyclopedia entry on the flora of the Marianas. | |
| Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. "Die Anacardiaceen Mikronesiens." [The Anacardiacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 516-521. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz.
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| Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. "Die Lecythidaceen Mikronesiens." [The Lecythidacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 527-528. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Guam.
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| Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. "Die Rhamnaceen Mikronesiens." [The Rhamnacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 524-525. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan, Tinian and Guam collected by Georg Volkens.
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| Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. "Die Rutaceen Mikronesiens." [The Rutacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 508-512. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Guam.
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| Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. "Die Simarubaceen Mikronesiens." [The Simarubacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 513-514. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz.
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| Lauterbach, Carl. 1925. "Die Guttiferen Mikronesiens." [The Guttifera of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 59, pp. 18-23. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples collected on Saipan by Herrmann Höfer, as well as on Guam (various).
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| Loesener, Th. 1930. "Die Celastraceen Mikronesiens." [The Celastracea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 63, pp. 272-273. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples collected on Saipan by Georg Volkens and Herrmann Höfer, as well as on Guam (various).
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| Markgraf, Franz. 1930. "Die Apocynaceen von Mikronesien." [The Apocyneae of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, Leipzig 63, pp. 280-287. Includes some species from the Marianas. | |
| Schlechter, R. 1915. "Die Ochidaceen von Mikronesien." [The Ochidacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 52, pp. 5-13. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (by various collectors including Herrmann Costenoble), as well as specimens from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz and a historic record for Rota. Noteworthy is the species description for Zeixine Fritzii named after Georg Fritz.
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| Schlechter, R. 1921. "Die Asclepiadaceen von Mikronesien." [The Asclepiadecea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 565-569. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Saipan by Georg Volkens.
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| Schlechter, R. 1921. "Die Elaeocarpaceen von Mikronesien." [The Elaeocarpacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 562-564. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz, as well as on Guam.
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| Schlechter, R. 1921. "Die Ochidaceen von Mikronesien." [The Ochidacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 434-501. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (by various collectors including Herrmann Costenoble), as well as specimens from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz and Herrmann Höfer and a historic record for Rota. Noteworthy is the species description for Zeixine Fritzii named after Georg Fritz.
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| Schlechter, R. 1921. "Die Scrophulariaceen von Mikronesien." [The Scrophulariacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 570-575. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (various sources) and on Saipan by Ch. Gibbon.
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| Schmidt, Otto C. 1928. "Verzeichnis der Meeresalgen von Neu-Guinea und dem westlichen Oceanien." [Register of marine algae of New Guinea and western Oceania]. Hedwigia (Dresden) 68, pp. 19-86. The material from the Marianas was collected by Georg Volkens and Hermann Höfer (teacher).
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| Schumann, Karl. 1887. "Die Flora des deutschen ost-asiatischen Schutzgebietes." [The flora of the German East-Asia Protectorate]. Engler's Botanische Jahrbücher 9, pp. 186-223. . | |
| Schumann, Karl and Lauterbach, Karl. 1901. Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee. [The flora of the German protectorates in the South Seas]. Leipzig: Gebrüder Bornträger. A botanical treatise on the vegetation of all German protectorates in the South Seas. The introduction provides an historic overview over the development of botanical research in the German Pacific. The main body is arranged by family and does not list the flora of the Micronesia in a separate fashion.
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| Valeton, Th. 1930. "Die Rubiaceen von Mikronesien." [The Rubiacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 63, pp. 288-323. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples collected on Saipan by Georg Fritz, Georg Volkens, Dr Schnee, Ch. Gibbon and Herrmann Höfer, on Tinian by Georg Volkens and Ch. Gibbon, on Rota by C. Ledermann as well as on Guam (various).
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| Warburg, Otto. 1900. Monsunia. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Vegetation des süd- und ostasiatischen Monsungebietes. [Monsunia. Contributions to the knowledge of the vegetation of the South and East Asiatic Monsoon Region]. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Substantive work on the vegetation in South East Asia. The Marianas are cursorily addressed in parts, as well as the species accounts. | |